Abstract
This chapter discusses orbital debris from a cultural heritage perspective. It examines the cultural material related to space exploration with a specific focus on “space junk” and the increasing amount of material remains including thousands of satellites, rocket bodies, parts and piece of spacefaring objects. The author argues that the materials and design reflect social and political interactions with space as well as humanity’s adaptation to a new environment. The study of space heritage can add to the history of space exploration and contemporary life on Earth.
Keywords
- Global Navigation Satellite System
- Global Navigation Satellite System
- Earth Orbit
- Orbital Debris
- Space Situational Awareness
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options



References
Amin, H. (2013). Role and impact of satellite broadcasting during the Arab Spring. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the BEA, Las Vegas Hilton, Las Vegas, NV. Accessed December 13, 2013. http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p545299_index.html
ArabSat. (2013). Mission and vision. Accessed August 15, 2013 http://www.arabsat.com/pages/AboutUs.aspx
Australia ICOMOS. (2013). The Burra Charter. The Australia ICOMOS Charter for places of cultural significance. Available at http://australia.icomos.org/publications/charters/
Belk, C. A., Robinson, J. H., Alexander, M. B., Cooke, W. J., & Pavelitz, S. D. (1997). Meteoroids and orbital debris. Effects on spacecraft. NASA Reference Publication 1408.
Bonnet, G., & Tessier, C. (2007). Collaboration among a satellite swarm. In Proceedings of the 6th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems. Article No 54. New York: ACM.
Bradbury, R. (1952). A sound of thunder (pp. 20–21). Collier’s, 28 June.
Bradbury, R. (1997–2000). Matrioshka brains, MS.
Capelotti, P. J. (2010). The human archaeology of space. Lunar, planetary and interstellar relics of exploration. Jefferson: McFarland and Company.
Carrigan Jr., R. A. (2008). IRAS-based whole-sky upper limit on Dyson spheres. Fermilab-pub008-352-AD.
Collis, C. (2009). The geostationary orbit: A critical legal geography of space’s most valuable real estate. In D. Bell & M. Parker (Eds.), Space travel and culture: From Apollo to space tourism (pp. 47−65). Malden: Wiley-Blackwell/The Sociological Review.
Crowther, R. (1994). The trackable debris population in low Earth orbit. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, 47(4), 28–133.
De Landa, M. (2006). A new philosophy of society: Assemblage theory and social complexity. London: Continuum.
De Landa, M. (2002). Intensive science and virtual philosophy. New York: Continuum.
Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1987). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia. Translated by Brian Massumi. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Dyson, F. (1960). Search for artificial stellar sources of infrared radiation. Science, 131(3414), 1667–1668.
Eutelsat. n.d. (a). Expanding reach and building a dynamic business. Accessed November 18, 2013. http://www.eutelsat.com/en/group/our-history/1990-2001.html
Eutelsat. n.d. (b). The Fleet 36° Eutelsat 36a. Accessed November 18, 2013. http://www.eutelsat.com/en/satellites/the-fleet/EUTELSAT-36A.html
European Space Agency. (2013). Space debris. Accessed November 12, 2013. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/Space_Debris/About_space_debris
Flannery, Kent. (1968). Archaeological systems theory and early Mesoamerica. In B. J. Meggers (Ed.), Anthropological archaeology in the Americas (pp. 67–87). Washington: Anthropological Society of Washington.
Goodrich, M. A., & Schultz, A. (2007). Human–robot interaction: A survey. Foundations and Trends in Human–Computer Interaction, 1, 203–275.
Gorman, A. C. (2009a). The gravity of archaeology. Archaeologies: The Journal of the World Archaeological Congress, 5(2), 344–359.
Gorman, A. C. (2009b). The cultural landscape of space. In A. Darrin & B. L. O’Leary (Eds.), The handbook of space engineering, archaeology and heritage (pp. 331–342). Boca Raton: CRC Taylor and Francis Press.
Gorman, A. C. (2009c). The archaeology of space exploration. In D. Bell & M. Parker (Eds.), Space travel and culture: From Apollo to space tourism (pp. 129–142). Malden: Wiley-Blackwell/The Sociological Review.
Gorman, A. C. (2009d). Beyond the space race: The significance of space sites in a new global context. In A. Piccini & C. Holtorf (Eds.), Contemporary archaeologies: Excavating now (pp. 161–180). Bern: Peter Lang.
Gorman, A. C. (2005a). The cultural landscape of interplanetary space. Journal of Social Archaeology, 5(1), 85–107.
Gorman, A. C. (2005b). The archaeology of orbital space (pp. 338–357). In Australian Space Science Conference 2005. Melbourne: RMIT University.
Gorman, A. C., & O’Leary, B. L. (2007). An ideological vacuum: The cold war in space. In J. Schofield & W. Cocroft (Eds.), A fearsome heritage: Diverse legacies of the cold war (pp. 73–92). Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
Green, C., & Lomask, M. (1970). Vanguard: A history. Washington, DC: Scientific and Technical Information Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Hyde, J. L. (2000a). As-flown shuttle orbiter meteoroid/orbital debris assessment, Phase I, JSC-28768.
Hyde, J. L. (2000b). As-flown shuttle orbiter meteoroid/orbital debris assessment, Phase II, JSC-29070.
Intelsat. (2014). Company facts. Accessed January 3, 2014. http://www.intelsat.com/about-us/company-facts/
Izzo, D., & Pettazzi, L. (2007). Autonomous and distributed motion planning for satellite swarm. Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, 30(2), 449–459.
Jehn, R., Agapov, V., & Hernández, C. (2005). The situation in the Geostationary ring. Advances in Space Research, 35, 1318–1327.
Johnston, E. (2013). List of satellites in geostationary orbit. Accessed January 8, 2014. http://www.satsig.net/sslist.htm
Jugaku, J., & Nishima, S. (2000). A search for Dyson spheres around late-type stars in the solar neighbour III. In G. Lemarchand, & K. Meech (Eds.) Bioastronomy 99: A new era in the search for life (pp. 581–584). ASP Conference Series, vol. 213.
Kessler, D. J., Johnson, N. L., Liou, J.-C., & Matney, M. (2010). The Kessler Syndrome: Implications to future space operations. Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, 137, 47–61.
Kessler, D. J., & Cour-Palais, B. G. (1978). Collision frequency of artificial satellites: The creation of a debris belt. Journal of Geophysical Research, 83(A6), 2637–2646.
Krebs, G. (1996–2013a). Arabsat 2A, 2B. Gunter’s space pages. Accessed November 18, 2013. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/arabsat-2a.htm
Krebs, G. (1996–2013b). New Dawn → Intelsat 28. Accessed November 18, 2013. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/new-dawn.htm
Laroussi, F. (2003). Arabic and the new technologies. In J. Maurais & M. A. Morris (Eds.), Languages in a globalising world (pp. 250–259). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Langbroek, M. (2012). PAN, other Geostationary satellites, and another UNID (this time Greg’s). Accessed August 21, 2013. http://sattrackcam.blogspot.com.au/
Lee, B.-S., Yoola, H., Kim, H.-Y., & Kim, B.-Y. (2012). GEO satellite collision avoidance maneuver strategy against inclined GSO satellite. Paper presented at SpaceOps12, Stockholm.
Levine, A. S. (Ed.) (1991). LDEF, 69 months in space: First post-retrieval symposium. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program.
Liou, J.-C., & Anz-Meador, P. (2010). An analysis of recent major breakups in the low Earth orbit region. Paper number IAC-10,A6,2,13,x6484. Accessed January 10, 2014. http://www.iafastro.net/iac/archive/browse/IAC-10/A6/2/6484/
McCray, P. W. (2008). Keep watching the skies!: The story of Operation Moonwatch and the dawn of the space age. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Marcus, G. E., & Saka, E. (2006). Assemblage. Theory, Culture and Society, 23(2–3), 101–109.
Mehrholz, D., Leushacke, L., Flury, W., Jehn, R., Klinkrad, H., & Landgraf, M. (2002). Detecting, tracking and imaging space debris. ESA Bulletin, 109, 128–134.
Miladi, N. (2006). Satellite TV news and the Arab diaspora in Britain: Comparing Al-Jazeera, the BBC and CNN. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 32(6), 947–960.
NASA Orbital Debris Program Office. (2012). Orbital debris frequently asked questions. Accessed August 1, 2013. http://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/faqs.html#3
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. (2008). Advanced space transportation program: Paving the highway to space. Accessed August 18, 2013. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/background/facts/astp.html
NewSat. nd. Ku-band capacity. Accessed January 3, 2014. http://www.newsat.com/Satellites/kuband.html
Orbital Sciences Corporation. (2013). Intelsat New Dawn fact sheet. Accessed January 10, 2014 www.orbital.com/newsinfo/publications/NewDawn_Fact.pdf
Parks, L. (2005). Cultures in orbit: Satellites and the televisual. Durham: Duke University Press.
Pardini, C., & Anselmo, L. (2009). Assessment of the consequences of the Fengyun-1C breakup in Low Earth Orbit. Advances in Space Research, 44, 545–557.
Pardini, C., & Anselmo, L. (2011). Fengyun 1C diagram physical properties and long-term evolution of the debris clouds produced by two catastrophic collisions in Earth orbit. Advances in Space Research, 48(3), 557–569.
Phillips, J. (2006). Agencement/assemblage. Theory, Culture and Society, 23(2–3), 108–109.
Plumwood, V. (1996). Androcentrism and anthrocentrism: Parallels and politics. Ethics and the Environment, 1996, 119–152.
Prigogine, I., & Stengers, I. (1984). Order out of chaos. Man’s new dialogue with nature. Toronto: Bantam Books.
Salmon, M. (1978). What can systems theory do for archaeology? American Antiquity, 43(2), 174–183.
Sandberg, A. (1999). The physics of information processing superobjects: Daily life among the Jupiter brains. Journal of Evolution and Technology, 5(1), 1–34.
Schiffer, M. B. (2013). The archaeology of science. Studying the creation of useful knowledge. Heidelberg: Springer.
Spennemann, D. H. R. (2007). Of great apes and robots: Considering the future(s) of cultural heritage. Futures, 39, 861–877.
Venn, C. (2006). A note on assemblage. Theory, Culture and Society, 23(203), 107–108.
Zak, A. (2013). Raduga 1. Accessed August 18, 2013. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/raduga1.html
Acknowledgments
I’d like to particularly thank Marco Langbroek for his awesome photography skills and permission to use the photograph. Much gratitude to Charles Stross, who inspired me to start looking at Matrioshka brains, and provided valuable research leads. I would also like to thank Twitter colleagues @spacearcheology and @JohnJRoby who assisted in tracing obscure references and terms, and @SarahMay_1 and @LornaRichardson for transcontinental writing company in #madwriting.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gorman, A. (2015). Robot Avatars: The Material Culture of Human Activity in Earth Orbit. In: O’Leary, B., Capelotti, P. (eds) Archaeology and Heritage of the Human Movement into Space. Space and Society. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07866-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07866-3_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-07865-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-07866-3
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)