Abstract
Brazil has emerged in this century as a powerhouse, developing a high productivity tropical agriculture, and today is one of the key players in the global food system. However, such increase of Brazilian agriculture was not without costs. One of the most important consequences was the loss of original vegetation and all the ecosystem services linked to this loss. Most of the Atlantic Forest was converted in urban or agricultural areas; approximately half of the Cerrado was also already converted, and more than 15 % of the Amazon forest was also lost. Coupled with loss of vegetation there is also environmental problems linked to agricultural practices such as: burning and heavy use of pesticides, and to a lesser extent of mineral fertilizers. However, the decoupling of agriculture production and deforestation observed in several regions of the country give us hope that in the future agriculture could advance without further vegetation loss. This mean that intensification will take place, and such has to be conducted under the umbrella of what is called “sustainable agriculture”, which in turn is a series of practices aimed to give to an agroecosystem more complexity in order to mimic natural ecosystems. Among these practices several of them have already been adopted in large scale in the country, especially no-till, crop rotation, and lately crop-livestock systems. If Brazil succeeds in overcoming this challenge, it will not only benefit itself, but also other tropical countries that are pursuing such sustainability and, ultimately the entire world, given Brazil's importance in the global food system.
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- 1.
See Gibbs et al. (2010).
- 2.
Ibid.
- 3.
See Rudel et al. (2009).
- 4.
See Martinelli (2012).
- 5.
See Gasques et al. (2004).
- 6.
- 7.
- 8.
See FAO (2014).
- 9.
See Forest Resources Association—FRA (2010).
- 10.
See da Silva et al. (2005).
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
See Oliveira-Filho and Fontes (2000).
- 14.
- 15.
See Ribeiro et al. (2009).
- 16.
- 17.
See Murray-Smith et al. (2009).
- 18.
See Mittermeier et al. (2005).
- 19.
- 20.
See Kissinger (2014).
- 21.
See Ministry of Environment (2013).
- 22.
See Martinelli et al. (2010).
- 23.
See Martinelli (2012).
- 24.
- 25.
See Gallai et al. (2009).
- 26.
See Ribeiro et al. (2009).
- 27.
See Lapola et al. (2014).
- 28.
- 29.
- 30.
See Hecht et al. (1988).
- 31.
See Nepstad et al. (2014).
- 32.
Ibid.
- 33.
See Ribeiro et al. (2009).
- 34.
See Murray-Smith et al. (2009).
- 35.
See Ribeiro et al. (2009).
- 36.
Ibid.
- 37.
- 38.
See Ratter et al. (1997).
- 39.
See Simon et al. (2009).
- 40.
See Mendonça et al. (2008).
- 41.
See Simon et al. (2009).
- 42.
See Sousa et al. (2001).
- 43.
See Sano et al. (2010).
- 44.
See Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (2012).
- 45.
See Sano et al. (2010).
- 46.
See Sousa et al. (2001).
- 47.
See Sano et al. (2010).
- 48.
See Lapola et al. (2014).
- 49.
See Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (2012).
- 50.
See Ribeiro et al. (2009).
- 51.
- 52.
See Lapola et al. (2014).
- 53.
- 54.
See Nepstad et al. (2014).
- 55.
Ibid.
- 56.
- 57.
See Jacobson et al. (2012).
- 58.
See Arbex et al. (2010).
- 59.
See Barbosa et al. (2012).
- 60.
- 61.
- 62.
See Galdos et al. (2010).
- 63.
See Mello et al. (2014).
- 64.
See Crutzen and Andreae (1990).
- 65.
- 66.
See Schafer (2002).
- 67.
See Roberts et al. (2001).
- 68.
See Martins et al. (2009).
- 69.
See Freitas et al. (2005).
- 70.
See Camponogara et al. (2014).
- 71.
See Martinelli (2012).
- 72.
See Martinelli and Filoso (2009).
- 73.
See Hartemink (2008) for a review.
- 74.
See Schiesari and Grillitsch (2011).
- 75.
See Schiesari and Grillitsch (2011).
- 76.
See Schiesari and Grillitsch (2011).
- 77.
See Galloway et al. (2008).
- 78.
See Lapola et al. (2014).
- 79.
See Dirzo and Raven (2003).
- 80.
See Alves et al. (2003).
- 81.
See Alves et al. (2003).
- 82.
- 83.
- 84.
- 85.
- 86.
See Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (2012).
- 87.
See Boddey et al. (2010).
- 88.
- 89.
See Hungria and Vargas (2000).
- 90.
- 91.
See Carvalho et al. (2009).
- 92.
See Balbinot-Junior et al. (2009).
- 93.
See Carvalho et al. (2010b).
- 94.
See Carvalho et al. (2010a).
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Martinelli, L.A., Coletta, L.D., Lins, S.R.M., Mardegan, S.F., de Castro Victoria, D. (2016). Brazilian Agriculture and Its Sustainability. In: Steier, G., Patel, K. (eds) International Food Law and Policy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07542-6_32
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