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International Food Law and Policy pp 505–540Cite as

European Food Labelling Law

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Abstract

This chapter focuses on the regime of food information to consumers in Europe, covering labeling and advertisement rules. The difference between horizontal and vertical legislation is explained, and a good overview over both horizontal and vertical rules given. The chapter explains which information has to be provided to the consumer (mandatory information), and discusses certain mandatory elements in detail, such as the rules on the origin of food. This is complemented by rules for voluntary information, in particular the strict regime for nutrition and health claims. Further, the all-encompassing prohibition not to mislead the consumer is being discussed, illustrated by case-law.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See European Commission, Application of EU law: What are EU directives? Available at http://ec.europa.eu/eu_law/introduction/what_directive_en.htm (last accessed 7 Sept 2014).

  2. 2.

    European Commission, Application of EU law: What are EU regulations?

  3. 3.

    Directive 2000/13/EC (2000), p. 29.

  4. 4.

    Directive 79/581/EEC (1979), p. 19; Directive 98/6/EC (1998), p. 27.

  5. 5.

    Directive 2007/45/EC (2007) (repealing Directives 75/106/EEC and 80/232/EEC, and amending Council Directive 76/211/EEC).

  6. 6.

    Directive 76/211/ EEC (1976), p. 1.

  7. 7.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 on the provision of food information to consumers, amending regulations (EC) No 1924/2006 and (EC) No 1925/2006 of the European parliament and of the council, and repealing commission directive 87/250/EEC, Council Directive 90/496/EEC, Commission Directive 1999/10/EC, Directive 2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Commission Directives 2002/67/EC and 2008/5/EC and Commission Regulation (EC) No 608/2004.

  8. 8.

    Mainly as regards mandatory information requirements for non-prepacked food, Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 44; see also infra, national vertical labelling rules.

  9. 9.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 2 (2) (a).

  10. 10.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 1 (3).

  11. 11.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 1 (3).

  12. 12.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 8 (8).

  13. 13.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 2 (2) (e).

  14. 14.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 9 (1) (a), 17, Annex VI.

  15. 15.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 9 (1) (b), 18–20, Annex VII.

  16. 16.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 9 (1) (c), 21, Annex II.

  17. 17.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 9 (1) (d), 22, Annex VIII.

  18. 18.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 9 (1) (e), 23, Annex IX.

  19. 19.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 9 (1) (f), 24, Annex X.

  20. 20.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 9 (1) (g), 25.

  21. 21.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 9 (1) (h), 8.

  22. 22.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 9 (1) (i), 26, Annex XI.

  23. 23.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 9 (1) (j), 27.

  24. 24.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 9 (1) (k), 28, Annex XII.

  25. 25.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 9 (1) (l), 29–35, Annexes I, V, XIII-XV.

  26. 26.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 10, Annex III.

  27. 27.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 9 (1) (c), 21, Annex II.

  28. 28.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 44 (1) (a).

  29. 29.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 44 (1) (b), (2).

  30. 30.

    For packages with the largest surface area of less than 80 cm2, the minimum x-height is 0.9 mm instead of 1.2 mm.

  31. 31.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 12 (2), Annex IV.

  32. 32.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 12 (1).

  33. 33.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 12 (1).

  34. 34.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 15 (1),15 (2).

  35. 35.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 9 (2).

  36. 36.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 2 (2) (g).

  37. 37.

    For the full text of the Regulation, see http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31992R2913:en:HTML (last accessed 12 Sept 2014).

  38. 38.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 2 (2) (g).

  39. 39.

    BSE is a fatal neurodegenerative disease. The BSE crisis first affected British cattle in the late 1990s and early 2000s leading to substantial media coverage of the epizootic. For more information, see USDA, A Focus on Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, available at http://web.archive.org/web/20080303135425/http://fsrio.nal.usda.gov/document_fsheet.php?product_id=169.

  40. 40.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 26 (2) (b), Annex XI.

  41. 41.

    Regulation (EU) No 1337/2013 laying down rules for the application of Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 regarding the indication of the country of origin or place of provenance for fresh, chilled and frozen meat of swine, sheep, goats and poultry, p. 19.

  42. 42.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 26 (2) (a).

  43. 43.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 2 (2) (q).

  44. 44.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 26 (3).

  45. 45.

    Exceptions are laid down in Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 16, Annex V.

  46. 46.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 9 (1) (l), 29-35, Annexes I, V, XIII-XV.

  47. 47.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 30 (1).

  48. 48.

    See Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Annex XV.

  49. 49.

    As defined in Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Point 2 of Part A of Annex XIII, Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 30 (2).

  50. 50.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 33.

  51. 51.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 31 (4).

  52. 52.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 30 (3).

  53. 53.

    As defined in Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 2 (2) (l), Art. 34 (3) (a).

  54. 54.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 30 (5).

  55. 55.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 29 (1).

  56. 56.

    Regulation (EC) No 1308/2013.

  57. 57.

    Regulation (EC) No 1308/2013.

  58. 58.

    Regulation (EC) No 1308/2013.

  59. 59.

    Regulation (EU) No 29/2012 on marketing standards for olive oil, p. 14, as amended. Regulation (EC) No 1308/2013.

  60. 60.

    Directive 2001/110/EC relating to honey, p. 47.

  61. 61.

    Directive 2000/36/EC relating to cocoa and chocolate products intended for human consumption, p. 19, as amended.

  62. 62.

    Regulation (EC) No 1308/2013.

  63. 63.

    Regulation (EC) No 110/2008 on the definition, description, presentation, labelling and protection of geographical indications of spirit drinks and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 1576/89 (OJ L 39, 13.2.2008, p. 16), as amended.

  64. 64.

    Directive 2001/112/EC relating to fruit juices and certain similar products intended for human consumption, OJ L 10, 12/01/2002, p. 58, as amended.

  65. 65.

    Council Regulation (EC) No 2200/96 on the common organization of the market in fruit and vegetables, p. 1, as amended and Regulation (EC) No 1580/2007 laying down implementing rules of Regulations (EC) No 2200/96, (EC) No 2201/96 and (EC) No 1182/2007 in the fruit and vegetable sector.

  66. 66.

    Directive 2001/111/EC relating to certain sugars intended for human consumption, p. 53.

  67. 67.

    Directive 99/4/EC relating to coffee extracts and chicory extracts, p. 26, as amended.

  68. 68.

    Regulation (EC) No 1760/2000 establishing a system for the identification and registration of bovine animals and regarding the labelling of beef and beef products and repealing Regulation (EC) No 820/97, p. 1, as amended, which sets out rules for compulsory and voluntary beef labelling and Regulation (EC) No 1825/2000 laying down detailed rules for the application of Regulation (EC) No 1760/2000 regarding the labelling of beef and beef products, p. 8, which provides detailed rules for the implementation of Regulation 1760/2000.

  69. 69.

    Regulation (EC) No 104/2000 on the common organisation of the markets in fishery and aquaculture products, pp. 22–52, as amended and Regulation (EC) No 2065/2001 laying down detailed rules for the application of Regulation (EC) No 104/2000 regarding informing consumers about fishery and aquaculture products, p. 6, as amended: fish sold at retail in certain presentations (i.e. live, fresh, chilled or frozen fish, fresh, chilled or frozen fish fillets and other fish meat; smoked, dried, salted or brined fish; crustaceans and molluscs) must label their origin by area of catching.

  70. 70.

    Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 2092/91, as amended. This Regulation lays lay down basic requirements with regard to production, labelling and control of organic products in the plant and livestock sector and Regulation 889/2008 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Regulation 834/2007 provides among others for rules on production, processing, packaging, transport and storage of products and control requirements.

  71. 71.

    Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 on genetically modified food and feed, p. 1, and Regulation (EC) No 1830/2003 concerning the traceability and labelling of genetically modified organisms and the traceability of food and feed products produced from genetically modified organisms and amending Directive 2001/18/EC, p. 24.

  72. 72.

    Directive 2002/46/EC, of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 June 2002 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to food supplements, OJ L 183, 12 July 2002, p. 51, Art. 2 (a).

  73. 73.

    Directive 2002/46/EC, op cit., Art. 2 (a).

  74. 74.

    Directive 2002/46/EC, op cit., Art. 6 (1).

  75. 75.

    Directive 2002/46/EC, op cit., Art. 6 (3).

  76. 76.

    Directive 2002/46/EC, op cit., Art. 8.

  77. 77.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 14.

  78. 78.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 2 (2) (u).

  79. 79.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 14 (3).

  80. 80.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 14 (1) (a).

  81. 81.

    Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods, p. 3.

  82. 82.

    Commission Implementing Decision of 24 January 2013 adopting guidelines for the implementation of specific health claims laid down in Article 10 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, OJ L 22,251.2013, p. 25, point 2.1. (b).

  83. 83.

    Working Document prepared by the Commission services, New Q&A items related to general labelling (February 21, 2014).

  84. 84.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 14 (1) (b).

  85. 85.

    See Leible (2010), p. 322.

  86. 86.

    Directive 2005/29/EC concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market and amending Council Directive 84/450/EEC, Directives 97/7/EC, 98/27/EC and 2002/65/EC, and Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004.

  87. 87.

    According to Directive 2005/29, op.cit., Art. 6 and 7, a commercial practice is misleading when:

    (1) contains false information and is therefore untruthful or if

    (2) in any way, including overall presentation, it deceives or is likely to deceive the average consumer, even if the information is factually correct, in relation to:

    a. the existence or nature of the product;

    b. the main characteristics of the product, such as its availability, benefits, risks, execution, composition, accessories, after-sale customer assistance and complaint handling, method and date of manufacture or provision, delivery, fitness for purpose, usage, quantity, specification, geographical or commercial origin or the results to be expected from its use, or the results and material features of tests or checks carried out on the product;

    c. the extent of the trader’s commitments, the motives for the commercial practice and the nature of the sales process, any statement or symbol in relation to direct or indirect sponsorship or approval of the trader or the product;

    d. the price or the manner in which the price is calculated, or the existence of a specific price advantage;

    e. the need for a service, part, replacement or repair;

    f. the nature, attributes and rights of the trader or his agent, such as his identity and assets, his qualifications, status, approval, affiliation or connection and ownership of industrial, commercial or intellectual property rights or his awards and distinctions;

    g. the consumer’s rights or the risks he may face.

    (3) the marketing of a product, including comparative advertising, creates confusion with any products, trademarks, trade names or other distinguishing marks of a competitor;

    (4) the trader does not comply with commitments contained in codes of conduct by which the trader is bound, where the trader indicates in a commercial practice that he is bound by the code.

    (5) the trader omits material information that the average consumer needs (or provides it in an unclear, unintelligible, ambiguous or untimely manner), according to the context, to take an informed transactional decision.

  88. 88.

    Communication from the Commission of (March 14 2013) on the application of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive.

  89. 89.

    Directive 2005/29/EC, op.cit. Recital 10.

  90. 90.

    Directive 2006/114/EC concerning misleading and comparative advertising, p. 21. The Directive also applies to products covered by the agricultural sphere, see Recital 12.

  91. 91.

    See Art. 1. According to Directive 2006/114/EC, op.cit., Art. 2 (b), “‘misleading advertising’ means ‘any advertising which in any way, including its presentation, deceives or is likely to deceive the persons to whom it is addressed or whom it reaches and which, by reason of its deceptive nature, is likely to affect their economic behaviour or which, for those reasons, injures or is likely to injure a competitor.’”

  92. 92.

    Directive 2006/114/EC, op.cit., Art. 8.

  93. 93.

    Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety, pp. 1–24, Art. 22.

  94. 94.

    In particular, its shape, appearance or packaging, the packaging materials used, the way in which the food is arranged and the setting in which it is displayed.

  95. 95.

    FIC Regulation, op.cit., Art. 7 (Fair information practices).

  96. 96.

    FIC Regulation.

  97. 97.

    See Regulation 1924/2006, op.cit., Recital 3, Regulation No 1151/2012, op.cit., Recital (8) and Art. 3, which stress the complementary nature of their provisions with respect to the Labelling Directive, whose rules are currently included in Regulation No 1169/2011, op. cit.

  98. 98.

    Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods, p. 3, Art. 3(2)(a).

  99. 99.

    Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs, p. 1, Art. 13 and 24.

  100. 100.

    Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 on organic production and labelling of organic products, op cit.

  101. 101.

    See Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) Case C-373/90 (January 16, 1992). Criminal proceedings against X (ECR., 1992 Page I-00131) (“It is for the national court, however, to ascertain in the circumstances of the particular case and bearing in mind the consumers to which the advertising is addressed, whether the latter could be misleading…”); see also CJEU, 16 July 1998, Case C-210/96 (Marketing standards for eggs), op.cit.

  102. 102.

    CJEU, 6 July 1995, Case Mars, C-470/93, ECR 1995 Page I-01923, §24; CJEU, 16 July 1998, Case C-210/96 (‘Marketing standards for eggs’), ECR, 1998 Page I-04657, §§ 29–37. See Meisterernst (2013), p. 91.

  103. 103.

    For an analysis of the power limits of the authority control of the country of manufacturing and labelling, see Nilsson (2012), p. 22.

  104. 104.

    CJEU, 16 July 1998, Case C-210/96 (Marketing standards for eggs), op.cit.

  105. 105.

    Regulation No 178/2002, op. cit., Art. 17(2),

    Member States shall enforce food law, and monitor and verify that the relevant requirements of food law are fulfilled by food and feed business operators at all stages of production, processing and distribution …. Member States shall also lay down the rules on measures and penalties applicable to infringements of food and feed law. The measures and penalties provided for shall be effective, proportionate and dissuasive.

    See also Regulation (EC) No 882/2004 on official controls performed to ensure the verification of compliance with feed and food law, animal health and animal welfare rules, p. 1, Art. 54 & 55; (Please note that the Regulation is currently being totally revamped). Directive 2005/29, op.cit. Art. 11–13.

  106. 106.

    Guidelines for Use of Nutrition and Health Claims, CAC/GL 23-1997.

  107. 107.

    Regulation No 1924/2006 on nutrition and health claims made on food, p. 9, recital (2).

  108. 108.

    Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, op.cit., Art. 1 (1).

  109. 109.

    Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, op.cit., Art. 1 (2).

  110. 110.

    Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, op.cit., Art. 1 (3).

  111. 111.

    Directive 2002/46/EC op.cit.

  112. 112.

    Regulation (EU) 609/2013 on food intended for infants and young children, food for special medical purposes, and total diet replacement for weight control and repealing Directive 92/52/EEC, Commission Directives 96/8/EC, 1999/21/EC, 2006/125/EC and 2006/141/EC, Directive 2009/39/EC and Regulations (EC) No 41/2009 and (EC) No 953/2009, p. 35.

  113. 113.

    Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, op cit., Art. 2 (2) No 4.

  114. 114.

    Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, op cit., Art. 2 (2) No 5.

  115. 115.

    Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, op cit., Art. 20.

  116. 116.

    EU Register of nutrition and health claims made on foods, http://ec.europa.eu/nuhclaims/ (last access April 9, 2014).

  117. 117.

    Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, op cit., Art. 3.

  118. 118.

    Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, op cit., Art. 5.

  119. 119.

    Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, op cit., Art. 13 (1) (a).

  120. 120.

    Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, op cit., Art. 13 (1) (b).

  121. 121.

    Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, op cit., Art. 13 (1) (c).

  122. 122.

    Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, op cit., Art. 14 (1) (a).

  123. 123.

    Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, op cit., Art. 14 (1) (b).

  124. 124.

    Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, op cit., Art. 10 (2).

  125. 125.

    Regulation (EU) No 432/2012 establishing a list of permitted health claims made on foods, other than those referring to the reduction of disease risk and to children’s development and health, p. 1, and its subsequent amendments.

  126. 126.

    Among these are: Commission Regulation (EC) No 983/2009 on the authorisation and refusal of authorisation of certain health claims made on food and referring to the reduction of disease risk and to children’s development and health, OJ L 277, p. 3; Commission Regulation (EC) No 1024/2009 on the authorisation and refusal of authorisation of certain health claims made on food and referring to the reduction of disease risk and to children’s development and health, OJ L 283, p. 22. All admitted and rejected claims are listed in the Community register.

  127. 127.

    Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008 on flavourings and certain food ingredients with flavouring properties for use in and on foods and amending Regulations (EC) No 1601/91, (EC) No 2232/96, (EC) No 110/2008, and Directive 2000/13/EC., Art. Art. 3(2)(c) and 22.

  128. 128.

    Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods, op cit.

  129. 129.

    Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 on quality schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs, p. 1, Art. 31.

  130. 130.

    Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012, p. 1, Art. 24.

  131. 131.

    Regulation No. 1169/2011, op. cit., Art. 7(4).

  132. 132.

    Directive 2010/13/EU on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the provision of audio-visual media services (Audio-visual Media Services Directive), Art. 9(1)(e) and 22. Please note that this Directive is currently open for review.

  133. 133.

    The Audio-visual Media Services Directive states that Member States remain free to impose more detailed or stricter rules provided that such rules are in compliance with Union law (Art 4(1)).

  134. 134.

    Audio-visual Media Services Directive, op cit., Art 4(7).

  135. 135.

    Council Recommendation 2001/458/EC of 5 June 2001 on the drinking of alcohol by young people, in particular children and adolescents.

  136. 136.

    Audiovisual Media Services Directive, op cit., Art. 9(1)(e).

  137. 137.

    EU Pledge, http://www.eu-pledge.eu/.

  138. 138.

    Joined Cases C-267/91 and C-268/91 Keck and Mithouard [1993] ECR I-6097, paragraph 17, “for national provisions restricting or prohibiting certain selling arrangements not to be caught by Article 28 EC, they must not be such as to prevent access to the market by products from another Member State or to impede access any more than it impedes access by domestic products”; See also Case C-239/02 Douwe Eghberts, ECR I-7037, § 51 and Case C-241/89 SARRP, ECR, 1990, I-04695, § 29.

  139. 139.

    See http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:61994CJ0051&from=EN (last visited 12 Sept 2014).

  140. 140.

    Joined cases C-10/97 to C-22/97, ECR, I-3617 (1998).

  141. 141.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 12 (2), Annex IV.

  142. 142.

    Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, op cit., Art. 9 (1) (a), 17, Annex VI Part A No 4.

  143. 143.

    Decision of 26.02.2014, File no: I ZR 45/13, http://juris.bundesgerichtshof.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bgh&Art=en&Datum=Aktuell&nr=66961&linked=pm.

  144. 144.

    CJUE, Case C – 195/14, Teekanne, 4 June 2015.

  145. 145.

    Case C-470/93 – Mars +10 %, ECR, I-1936 (1995).

  146. 146.

    Case C-470/93, op cit., paragraph 24.

  147. 147.

    Case C-465/98 – D’arbo Naturrein (2000), ECR I-2321.

  148. 148.

    Case C-465/98, op cit., paragraph 22.

  149. 149.

    Case C-465/98, op cit., paragraphs 28–30.

  150. 150.

    Case C-465/98, op cit., paragraph 33.

  151. 151.

    Case C-210/96 (‘Marketing standards for eggs’), op.cit., http://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=C-210/96.

  152. 152.

    Case C-210/96, op.cit., paragraph 37.

  153. 153.

    Case C-210/96, op.cit., paragraph 37.

  154. 154.

    Royal Decree of 17 April 1980 concerning the advertising of foodstuff, Official Belgian Gazette 6 May 1980.

  155. 155.

    SARPP, paragraph 29.

  156. 156.

    Case C-405/98 Gourmet International Products [2001] ECR I-1795, paragraph 21.

  157. 157.

    Joined Cases C-34/95 to C-36/95 De Agostini and TV-Shop [1997] ECR I-3843, paragraph 45.

  158. 158.

    SARPP, paragraph 16.

  159. 159.

    C-239/02, (Douwe Egberts NV), §53–57 (emphasis added) (citing Case C-448/98 Guimont, paragraph 23).

  160. 160.

    Case C-405/98, Gourmet International Products [2001] ECR I-1795, §§ 20 and 21.

  161. 161.

    Case C-241/89, SARPP [1990], ECR I-4714.

  162. 162.

    French Law No 88-14 of 5 January, Article 10(1).

  163. 163.

    Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, op cit., Art. 4 (3).

  164. 164.

    Case C-544/10 Deutsches Weintor [2012], paragraphs 34–35 (emphasis added).

  165. 165.

    Case C-299/12, paragraphs 23–26.

  166. 166.

    Case C-299/12, paragraphs 23–26.

  167. 167.

    Case C-609/12 (2013).

  168. 168.

    Case C-47/09, EC v. Italy (“Pure Chocolate”) [2010], ECR, I-12083.

  169. 169.

    Directive 2000/36/EC relating to cocoa and chocolate products intended for human consumption, p. 19, as amended.

  170. 170.

    Directive 2000/13/EC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the labelling, presentation and advertising of foodstuffs, p. 29, as amended. This Directive is replaced by Regulation No 1169/2011, op. cit.

References

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department Litigation & Risk Management, Brussels, Belgium

    Aude Mahy

  2. Morsbach, Germany

    Nicola Conte-Salinas

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  1. Aude Mahy
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  2. Nicola Conte-Salinas
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Correspondence to Aude Mahy .

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  1. Food Law International, LLP, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Gabriela Steier

  2. Food Law International, LLP, Washington, DC, USA

    Kiran K. Patel

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Mahy, A., Conte-Salinas, N. (2016). European Food Labelling Law. In: Steier, G., Patel, K. (eds) International Food Law and Policy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07542-6_22

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