Lishner M, Akselrod S, Avi VM, Oz O, Divon M, Ravid M. Spectral analysis of heart rate fluctuations. A non-invasive, sensitive method for the early diagnosis of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes mellitus. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1987;19(2):119–25.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Egan BM. Insulin resistance and the sympathetic nervous system. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2003;5:247–54.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Boulton AJM, Vinik AI, Arrezzo JC, Bril V, Feldman EI, Freeman R, Malik RA, Maser RE, Sosenko JM, Ziegler D. Diabetic neuropathies: a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(4):956–62.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Vinik AI, Maser RE, Nakave AA. Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic nerve dysfunction. US Endocr Dis. 2007;2:2–9.
Google Scholar
Vinik A, Ziegler D. Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Circulation. 2007;115:387–97.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Robertson D, Bisggioni I, Burnstock G, Low PA, Paton JFR, editors. Primer on the autonomic nervous system. 3rd ed. Waltham: Academic; 2012.
Google Scholar
Low PA, Engstrom JW. Disorders of the autonomic nervous system. In: Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, 16th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill; 2003.
Google Scholar
Saper CB. Autonomic disorders and their management. In: Cecil textbook of medicine, 22nd ed. Philadelphia, WB Saunders; 2003.
Google Scholar
Low PA, editor. Clinical autonomic disorders: evaluation and management. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997.
Google Scholar
Handelsman Y, The AACE Task Force for Developing a Diabetes Comprehensive Care Plan. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan. Endocr Pract. 2011;17 Suppl 2:1–53.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Vinik AI, Maser RE, Mitchell BD, Freeman R. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(5):1553–79.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2013. Diabetes Care. 2013;36 Suppl 1:S11–66.
PubMed Central
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Vinik AI, Aysin B, Colombo J. Enhanced frequency domain analysis identifies early autonomic dysfunction that may lead to elevated blood pressure in diabetics. Diabetes Technology Conference, San Francisco, 10–12 Nov 2005.
Google Scholar
American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2008. Diabetes Care. 2008;31 Suppl 1:S12–54.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Malik M. The Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability, standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation. 1996;93:1043–65.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Malik M. Heart rate variability, standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Eur Heart J. 1996;17:354–81.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Umetani K, Singer DH, McCraty R, Atkinson M. Twenty-four hour time domain heart rate variability and heart rate: relations to age and gender over nine decades. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31(3):593–601.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Arora RR, Ghosh Dastidar S, Colombo J. Autonomic balance is associated with decreased morbidity. American Autonomic Society, 17th International Symposium, Kauai, 29 Oct–1 Nov 2008.
Google Scholar
Waheed A, Ali MA, Jurivich DA, et al. Gender differences in longevity and autonomic function. Presented at the Geriatric Medicine Society meeting, Chicago. 3–7 May 2006.
Google Scholar
Arora RR, Bulgarelli RJ, Ghosh-Dastidar S, Colombo J. Autonomic mechanisms and therapeutic implications of postural diabetic cardiovascular abnormalities. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2008;2(4):568–71.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Lieb DC, Parson HK, Mamikunian G, Vinik AI. Cardiac autonomic imbalance in newly diagnosed and established diabetes is associated with markers of adipose tissue inflammation. Exp Diabetic Res. 2012;2012:1–8.
Google Scholar
Maser RE, Lenhard MJ. Review: cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy due to diabetes mellitus: clinical manifestations, consequences, and treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:5896–903.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Vinik AI, Maser RE, Ziegler D. Neuropathy. The crystal ball for cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(7):1688–90.
PubMed Central
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Pereira E, Baker S, Bulgarelli RJ, Murray G, Arora RR, Colombo J. Gender differences in longevity and sympathovagal balance. Presented at the Cleveland Clinic Heart-Brain Summit, Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, 23–24 Sept 2010.
Google Scholar
Boyd GL, Taylor JA, Ovalle F, Stout DG, Aultman M, Garner VM, Morris RE, Witherspoon CD, Albert M, Vetter TR. Prevalence of advanced autonomic dysfunction in patients presenting for retinal surgery. Anesthesiology. Accepted 2014.
Google Scholar
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;352:837–53.
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Boyd G, Stout D, Aultman M, Wyatt K, Vetter T. Are there reliable clinical predictors of cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetic patients? American Society of Anesthesiologists, annual meeting, San Diego, 16–20 Oct 2010.
Google Scholar
Boyd G, Stout D, Morris R, Witherspoon CD, Vetter T. et al. Prevalence and severity of autonomic dysfunction in diabetic patients presenting for retinal Surgery American Society of Anesthesiologists, annual meeting, San Diego, 16–20 Oct 2010.
Google Scholar
Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, Neal B, Billot L, Woodward M, Marre M, Cooper M, Glasziou P, Grobbee D, Hamet P, Harrap S, Heller S, Liu L, Mancia G, Mogensen CE, Pan C, Poulter N, Rodgers A, Williams B, Bompoint S, de Galan BE, Joshi R, Travert F. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2560–72.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, Reda D, Emanuele N, Reaven PD, Zieve FJ, Marks J, Davis SN, Hayward R, Warren SR, Goldman S, McCarren M, Vitek ME, Henderson WG, huang GD. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:129–39.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, Goff DC, Bigger JT, Buse JB, Cushman WC, Genuth S, Ismail-Beigi F, Grimm RH, Probstfield JL, Simons-Morton DG, Friedewald WT. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545–59.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Pop-Busui R, Evans GW, Gerstein HC, Fonseca V, Fleg JL, Hoogwerf BJ, Genuth MS, Grimm RH, Corson MA, Prineas R, ACCORD Study Group. Effects of cardiac autonomic dysfunction on mortality risk in the action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes (ACCORD) trial. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1578–84.
CAS
PubMed Central
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Young LH, Wackers FJ, Chyun DA, Davey JA, Barrett EJ, Taillefer R, Heller GV, Iskandrian AE, Wittlin SD, Filipchuk N, Ratner RE, Inzucchi SE. Cardiac outcomes after screening for asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: the DIAD study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009;301:1547–55.
CAS
PubMed Central
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Georges L-P. Mortality among persons with diabetes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1995.
Google Scholar
Beck MO, Silveiro SP, Friedman R, Clausell N, Gross JL. Asymptomatic coronary artery disease is associated with cardiac autonomic neuropathy and diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1745–7.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
De Lorenzo A, Lima RS, Siqueira-Filho AG, Pantoja MR. Prevalence and prognostic value of perfusion defects detected by stress technetium-99 m sestamibi myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography in asymptomatic patients with diabetes mellitus and no known coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2002;90:827–32.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Gerritsen J, Dekker JM, TenVoorde BJ, Kostense PJ, Heine RJ, Bouter LM, Heethaar RM, Stehouwer CD. Impaired autonomic function is associated with increased mortality, especially in subjects with diabetes, hypertension, or a history of cardiovascular disease: the Hoorn study. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1793–8.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Astrup AS, Tarnow L, Rossing P, Hansen BV, Hilsted J, Parving HH. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:334–9.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Huang CJ, Kuok CH, Kuo TB, Hsu YW, Tsai PS. Pre-operative measurement of heart rate variability predicts hypotension during general anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2006;50:542–8.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Ciccarelli LL, Ford CM, Tsueda K. Autonomic neuropathy in a diabetic patient with renal failure. Anesthesiology. 1986;64:283–7.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Amour J, Kersten JR. Diabetic cardiomyopathy and anesthesia: bench to bedside. Anesthesiology. 2008;108:524–30.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Vinik AI, Maser RE, Ziegler D. Autonomic imbalance: prophet of doom or scope for hope? Diabet Med. 2011;28:643–51.
CAS
PubMed Central
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Toyry JP, Niskanen LK, Mantysaari MJ, Lansimies EA, Uusitupa MI. Occurrence, predictors, and clinical significance of autonomic neuropathy in NIDDM. Ten-year follow-up from the diagnosis. Diabetes. 1996;45:308–15.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Arora RR, Iffrig K, Colombo J. Geriatric female longevity associated with elevated parasympathetic tone. Can the same be affected in geriatric males? Presented at the American Autonomic Society’s 17th International Symposium on the Autonomic Nervous System, Rio Grande. 1–4 Nov 2006.
Google Scholar
Calles-Escandon J, Lovato L, Simons-Morton D, Kendell D, Pop-Busui R, Cohen R, Bonds D, Fonseca V, Ismail-Beigi F, Banerji M, Failor A, Hamilton B. Effect of intensive compared with standard glycemia treatment strategies on mortality by baseline subgroup characteristics. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:721–7.
PubMed Central
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Vinik AI, Murray GL. Autonomic neuropathy is treatable. US Endocrinol. 2008;2:82–4.
Google Scholar
Vinik AI, Aysin B, Colombo J. Enhanced frequency domain analysis replaces older heart rate variability methods. Fourth annual Diabetes Technology meeting, Philadelphia, 28–30 Oct 2004.
Google Scholar
Vinik AI, Aysin B, Colombo J. Differentiation of autonomic dysfunction by enhanced frequency domain analysis reveals additional stages in the progression of autonomic decline in diabetics. Diabetes Technology Conference, San Francisco, 10–12 Nov 2005.
Google Scholar
Akinola A, Bleasdale-Barr K, Everall L, Mathias CJ. Investigation of autonomic disorders: appendix I. In: Mathias CJ, Bannister R, editors. Autonomic failure: a textbook of clinical disorders of the autonomic nervous system. London: Oxford Medical Publications; 1999.
Google Scholar
Dagogo-Jack SE, Craft S, Cryer PE. Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: recent antecedent hypoglycemia reduces autonomic responses to, symptoms, of, and defense against subsequent hypoglycemia. J Clin Invest. 1993;91:819–28.
CAS
PubMed Central
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Adler GK, Bonyhay I, Failing H, Waring E, Dotson S, Freeman R. Antecedent hypoglycemia impairs autonomic cardiovascular function: implications for rigorous glycemic control. Diabetes. 2009;58:360–6.
CAS
PubMed Central
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, Jensen GV, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:383–93.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Licht CM, Vreeburg SA, van Reedt Dortland AK, Giltay EJ, Hoogendijk WK, Derijk RH, Vogelzangs N, Zitman FG, de Geus EJ, Penninx BW. Increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic activity rather than changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity is associated with metabolic abnormalities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(5):2458–66.
Google Scholar
Maser R, Mitchell B, Vinik AI, Freeman R. The association between cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and mortality in individuals with diabetes, a meta analysis. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(6):1895–901.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Ziegler D, Zentai CP, Perz S, Rathmann W, Haastert B, Doring A, Meisinger C. Prediction of mortality using measures of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in the diabetic and nondiabetic population: the MONICA/KORA Augsburg Cohort Study. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:556–61.
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar
Lykke JA, Tarnow L, Parving HH, Hilstead J. A combined abnormality in heart rate variation and QT corrected interval is a strong predictor of cardiovascular death in type 1 diabetes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2008;68:654–9.
CAS
PubMed
CrossRef
Google Scholar