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Contracts in Practice

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FM 2014: Formal Methods (FM 2014)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNPSE,volume 8442))

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Abstract

Contracts are a form of lightweight formal specification embedded in the program text. Being executable parts of the code, they encourage programmers to devote proper attention to specifications, and help maintain consistency between specification and implementation as the program evolves. The present study investigates how contracts are used in the practice of software development. Based on an extensive empirical analysis of 21 contract-equipped Eiffel, C#, and Java projects totaling more than 260 million lines of code over 7700 revisions, it explores, among other questions: 1) which kinds of contract elements (preconditions, postconditions, class invariants) are used more often; 2) how contracts evolve over time; 3) the relationship between implementation changes and contract changes; and 4) the role of inheritance in the process. It has found, among other results, that: the percentage of program elements that include contracts is above 33% for most projects and tends to be stable over time; there is no strong preference for a certain type of contract element; contracts are quite stable compared to implementations; and inheritance does not significantly affect qualitative trends of contract usage.

Work supported by Gebert-Ruf Stiftung, by ERC grant CME # 291389, and by SNF grant ASII # 200021-134976.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Software Engineering, Department of Computer Science, ETH Zurich, Switzerland

    H. -Christian Estler, Carlo A. Furia, Martin Nordio, Marco Piccioni & Bertrand Meyer

Authors
  1. H. -Christian Estler
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  2. Carlo A. Furia
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  3. Martin Nordio
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  4. Marco Piccioni
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  5. Bertrand Meyer
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computing Science, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU, Newcastle, UK

    Cliff Jones

  2. Data Abstraction (Pty) Ltd., 7 Saint David’s Park, Saint David’s Place, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Pekka Pihlajasaari

  3. Information System Technology and Design, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 20 Dover Road, 138682, Singapore

    Jun Sun

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© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

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Estler, H.C., Furia, C.A., Nordio, M., Piccioni, M., Meyer, B. (2014). Contracts in Practice. In: Jones, C., Pihlajasaari, P., Sun, J. (eds) FM 2014: Formal Methods. FM 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 8442. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06410-9_17

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06410-9_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-06409-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-06410-9

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

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