Abstract
“Bioarchaeology” has recently made its way into publications and presentations on the physical anthropology and archeology of Armenia. Like other regions discussed in this book, bioarchaeology has been heralded as a new and important approach to analyze skeletal remains that moves away from typology toward historical reconstruction of human behavior. Yet, the questions asked, discussions, and presentation of skeletal analysis look quite different from Western—and particularly American—bioarchaeology. This chapter explores the history of the physical anthropology of skeletal materials from Armenia, tracing the major debates and interpretations from the late nineteenth century, through Soviet ethnogenesis, to recent trends that have shaped the discipline within Armenia today. In each major period of research, the ways that physical anthropologists have analyzed skeletal remains and interpreted past peoples have shifted. Thus, while the question of Armenian origins has remained a constant theme; the different approaches in each period of research have allowed for distinctly different claims about the relationship between populations in the past and the present. These ways of thinking about the past in relation for the present have implications for how bioarchaeology is and can be incorporated into the analysis of archeological human remains in Armenia.
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Notes
- 1.
Dolicocephalic refers to cephalic index (the ratio of a head’s length to breadth described as a percentage) of <75 % or “long headed,” while brachycephalic refers to \( \geq \)80 % or “round headed” (see Reitzius 1846). Here, I have used the terms cephalic index and dolicocephalic for brevity, but it should be noted that dolichocephalic and brachy cephalic refer to the morphology of the heads of living subjects, while the terms dolichocranic and brachycranic are specific to the (skeletal) cranium.
- 2.
Just a few years later in 1887–1889, Jacques Jean Marie de Morgan (1857–1824) was put in charge of overseeing a copper mine at Akhtala in Armenia and excavated 898 Iron Age burials that were nearby Lindsay and Smith ( 2006: 168), Morgan (1889: 82). Morgan’s 1889 publication focused on the material objects and in particular metallurgy, but he also included sketches of couple of crania and concluded that they were dolichocephalic.
- 3.
Bayern also introduced the Brathonic term “cromlech” to describe the tombs in Armenia.
- 4.
Jacques Jean Marie de Morgan (1857–1824) also made a connection to the Hittites; he compared two crania from his excavations of 898 Iron Age tombs near Alaverdi, Armenia with reliefs of Hittites and suggested that they shared common morphological features (Morgan 1889).
- 5.
Alekseev and Mkrtchyan (1989) later pushed back the date of the crania from Dzhararat so that they were later than the Early Bronze Age.
- 6.
Mkrtchyan recorded the sex and age for 143 individuals, long bone measurements for 55 individuals (40 male, 15 female), and cranium measurements for 37 individuals (20 male and 17 female).
- 7.
In Russian гиперморфность. The translation and spelling here are from the translated summary (Mkrtchyan 2001: 58). The author may be referring to a hypermorphic morphology or extreme growth and specialization.
- 8.
Mkrtchyan continued this socio-demographic analysis of Late Bronze and Iron I populations at Nerkin Getashen (2004) and Lchashen in the Sevan Basin.
- 9.
For the newer collections we inventoried and recorded data according to the Standards (Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994) as well as Alekseev’s program, and also analyzed pathological conditions and evidence of trauma. At the History Museum of Armenia we recorded pathological conditions and evidence of trauma from the crania and human remains.
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Acknowledgments
I am indebted to Ruzan Mkrtchyan for discussing with me Soviet Ethnogenesis and the history of physical anthropology in Armenia. Indeed, the basis for much of the historical information presented here can be found in our co-authored work (Marshall and Mkrtchyan 2011). However, the views, analysis, and interpretations expressed here are my own and I take responsibility for any mistakes. A more detailed analysis of the topics discussed here will be published in my dissertation. I would also like to thank Ruben Badalyan and Ashot Piliposyan for facilitating my osteological research in Armenia, as well as Adam T. Smith and Maria Lozada for encouraging my research into the intellectual history of physical anthropology of the South Caucasus.
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Marshall, M.E. (2014). Becoming Bioarchaeology? Traditions of Physical Anthropology and Archeology in Armenia. In: O’Donnabhain, B., Lozada, M. (eds) Archaeological Human Remains. SpringerBriefs in Archaeology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06370-6_3
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