Skip to main content

Hybrid System for In Situ Observation of Microstructure Evolution in Steel Materials

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
In-situ Studies with Photons, Neutrons and Electrons Scattering II

Abstract

A new technique, based on the combination of time-resolved X-ray diffraction (TRXRD) and high-temperature laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), was developed for direct observation of morphological evolution and simultaneous identification of the phases. TRXRD data and LSCM images under the desired thermal cycles were measured simultaneously. As several observation examples, the microstructural evolutions in the steel materials were observed to investigate the phase transformation kinetics under the thermal cycle including the rapid heating and cooling.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Elmer JW, Wong J, Ressler T (1998) Spatially resolved X-ray diffraction phase mapping and alpha → beta → alpha transformation kinetics in the heat-affected zone of commercially pure titanium arc welds. Metall Mater Trans A 29:2761–2773

    Google Scholar 

  2. Elmer JW, Wong J, Ressler T (2001) Spatially resolved X-ray diffraction mapping of phase transformations in the heat-affected zone of carbon-manganese steel arc welds. Metall Mater Trans A 32:1175–1187

    Google Scholar 

  3. Elmer JW, Palmer TA, Wong J (2003) In situ observations of phase transitions in Ti-6Al-4V alloy welds using spatially resolved x-ray diffraction. J Appl Phys 93:1941–1947

    Google Scholar 

  4. Elmer JW, Palmer TA (2006) In-situ phase mapping and direct observations of phase transformations during arc welding of 1045 steel. Metall Mater Trans A 37A:2171–2182

    Google Scholar 

  5. Elmer JW, Palmer TA, Zhang W, Wood B, DebRoy T (2003) Kinetic modeling of phase transformations occurring in the HAZ of C-Mn steel welds based on direct observations. Acta Mater 51:3333–3349

    Google Scholar 

  6. Zhang W, Elmer JW, DebRoy T (2005) Integrated modelling of thermal cycles, austenite formation, grain growth and decomposition in the heat affected zone of carbon steel. Sci Technol Weld Joining 10:574–582

    Google Scholar 

  7. Elmer JW, Wong J, Ressler T (2000) In-situ observations of phase transformations during solidification and cooling of austenitic stainless steel welds using time-resolved X-ray diffraction. Scripta Mater 43:751–757

    Google Scholar 

  8. Elmer JW, Palmer TA, Babu SS, Zhang W, DebRoy T (2004) Direct observations of austenite, bainite, and martensite formation during arc welding of 1045 steel using time-resolved X-ray diffraction. Weld J 83:244S–253S

    Google Scholar 

  9. Elmer JW, Palmer TA, Babu SS, Zhang W, DebRoy T (2004) Phase transformation dynamics during welding of Ti-6Al-4V. J Appl Phys 95:8327–8339

    Google Scholar 

  10. Babu SS, Elmer JW, Vitek JM, David SA (2002) Time-resolved X-ray diffraction investigation of primary weld solidification in Fe-C-Al-Mn steel welds. Acta Mater 50:4763–4781

    Google Scholar 

  11. Palmer TA, Elmer JW, Babu SS (2004) Observations of ferrite/austenite transformations in the heat affected zone of 2205 duplex stainless steel spot welds using time resolved X-ray diffraction. Mater Sci Eng, A 374:307–321

    Google Scholar 

  12. Wong J, Ressler T, Elmer JW (2003) Dynamics of phase transformations and microstructure evolution in carbon-manganese steel arc welds using time-resolved synchrotron X-ray diffraction. J Synchrotron Radiat 10:154–167

    Google Scholar 

  13. Komizo Y, Osuki T, Yonemura M, Terasaki H (2004) Analysis of primary weld solidification in stainless steel using X-ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation (materials, metallurgy & weldability). Trans JWRI 33:143–146

    Google Scholar 

  14. Osuki T, Yonemura M, Ogawa K, Komizo Y, Terasaki H (2006) Verification of numerical model to predict microstructure of austenitic stainless steel weld metal using synchrotron radiation and trans varestraint testing. Sci Technol Weld Joining 11:33–42

    Google Scholar 

  15. Komizo Y, Terasaki H, Yonemura M, Osuki T (2005) In-situ observation of steel weld solidification and phase evolution using synchrotron radiation. Trans JWRI 34:51–55

    Google Scholar 

  16. Yonemura M, Osuki T, Terasaki H, Komizo Y, Sato M, Kitano A (2006) In-situ observation for weld solidification in stainless steels using time-resolved X-ray diffraction. Mater Trans 47:310–316

    Google Scholar 

  17. Terasaki H, Komizo Y, Yonemura M, Osuki T (2006) Time-resolved in-situ analysis of phase evolution for the directional solidification of carbon steel weld metal. Metall Mater Trans A 37A:1261–1266

    Google Scholar 

  18. Yonemura M, Komizo Y, Toyokawa H (2006) SPring 8 Res Front 129–130

    Google Scholar 

  19. Yonemura M, Osuki T, Terasaki H, Komizo Y, Sato M, Toyokawa H (2006) Two-dimensional time-resolved X-ray diffraction study of directional solidification in steels. Mater Trans 47:2292–2298

    Google Scholar 

  20. Komizo Y, Terasaki H (2008) In-situ observation of weld solidification and transformation using synchrotron radiation. Tetsu To Hagane—J Iron Steel Inst Jpn 94:1–5 (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Komizo Y (2008) In-situ microstructure observation techniques in welding. J Jpn Weld Soc 77:26–31 (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Komizo Y, Terasaki H, Yonemura M, Osuki T (2008) Development of in-situ microstructure observation techniques in welding. Weld world-Lond 52:56–63

    Google Scholar 

  23. Hashimoto T, Terasaki H, Komizo Y (2008) Effect of solidification velocity on weld solidification process of alloy tool steel. Sci Technol Weld Joining 13:409–414

    Google Scholar 

  24. Terasaki H, Yamada T, Komizo Y (2008) Analysis of inclusion core under the weld pool of high strength and lowalloy steel. ISIJ Int 48:1752–1757

    Google Scholar 

  25. Terasaki H, Yanagita K, Komizo Y, Sato M, Toyokawa H (2009) In-situ observation of solidification behavior of 14Cr-Ni steel weld. Q J Jpn Weld Soc 27:118s–121s

    Google Scholar 

  26. Zhang D, Terasaki H, Komizo Y (2009) In situ observation of morphological development for acicular ferrite in weld metal. J Alloy Compd 484:929–933

    Google Scholar 

  27. Terasaki H, Komizo Y (2006) In situ observation of morphological development for acicular ferrite in weld metal. Sci Technol Weld Joining 11:561–566

    Google Scholar 

  28. Yamada T, Terasaki H, Komizo Y (2008) Microscopic observation of inclusions contributing to formation of acicular ferrite in steel weld metal. Sci Technol Weld Joining 13:118–125

    Google Scholar 

  29. Komizo Y, Terasaki H (2011) Optical observation of real materials using laser scanning confocal microscopy Part 1-techniques and observed examples of microstructural changes. Sci Technol Weld Joining 16:56–60

    Google Scholar 

  30. Komizo Y, Terasaki H (2011) Optical observation of real materials using laser scanning confocal microscopy Part 2-direct observation of ferrite nucleation sites in weld metal and heat affected zone. Sci Technol Weld Joining 16:61–67

    Google Scholar 

  31. Komizo Y, Terasaki H (2011) In situ time resolved X-ray diffraction using synchrotron. Sci Technol Weld Joining 16:79–86

    Google Scholar 

  32. Terasaki H, Komizo Y (2011) Diffusional and displacive transformation behaviour in low carbon-low alloy steels studied by a hybrid in situ observation system. Scripta Mater 64:29–32

    Google Scholar 

  33. Warren BE (1990) X-ray diffraction. Courier Dover Publications

    Google Scholar 

  34. Zhang XF, Komizo Y (2013) In Situ Investigation of the Allotropic Transformation in Iron. Steel Res Int 84:751–760

    Google Scholar 

  35. Zhang YD, Esling C, Calcagnotto M, Zhao X, Zuo L (2007) New insights into crystallographic correlations between ferrite and cementite in lamellar eutectoid structures, obtained by SEM-FEG/EBSD and an indirect two-trace method. J Appl Crystallogr 40:849–856

    Google Scholar 

  36. Takasaki A, Ojima K, Taneda Y (1995) In-situ transmission electron microscopy of the α ↔ γ allotropic transformation in thin foil of iron. Phys Status Solidi A 148:159–165

    Google Scholar 

  37. Babu SS, Specht ED, David SA, Karapetrova E, Zschack P, Peet M, Bhadeshia H (2005) In-situ observations of lattice parameter fluctuations in austenite and transformation to bainite. Metall Mater Trans A 36A:3281–3289

    Google Scholar 

  38. Morito S, Tanaka H, Konishi R, Furuhara T, Maki T (2003) The morphology and crystallography of lath martensite in Fe-C alloys. Acta Mater 51:1789–1799

    Google Scholar 

  39. Kitahara H, Ueji R, Tsuji N, Minamino Y (2006) Crystallographic features of lath martensite in low-carbon steel. Acta Mater 54:1279–1288

    Google Scholar 

  40. Perepezko JH (1984) Nucleation in undercooled liquids. Metall Trans A 15:437–447

    Google Scholar 

  41. Massalski TB (1984) Distinguishing features of massive transformations. Metall Trans A 15:421–425

    Google Scholar 

  42. Kinsman KR, Richman RH, Verhoeven JD (1976) Geometric surface relief and the allotropic transformation in iron. J Mater Sci 11:1487–1493

    Google Scholar 

  43. Banerjee S (1984) Solubility of organic mixtures in water. Mater Sci Forum 1:239–255

    Google Scholar 

  44. Zhang XF, Terasaki H, Komizo Y (2012) In situ investigation of structure and stability of niobium carbonitrides in an austenitic heat-resistant steel. Scripta Mater 67:201–204

    Google Scholar 

  45. Zhang XF, Komizo Y (2013) Direct observation of thermal stability of M23C6 carbides during reheating using in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Philos Mag Lett 93:9–17

    Google Scholar 

  46. Hald J (2008) Microstructure and long-term creep properties of 9–12% Cr steels. Int J Press Vessels Pip 85:30–37

    Google Scholar 

  47. Mythili R, Paul VT, Saroja S, Vijayalakshmi A, Raghunathan VS (2003) Microstructural modification due to reheating in multipass manual metal arc welds of 9Cr–1Mo steel. J Nucl Mater 312:199–206

    Google Scholar 

  48. Zenitani S, Hayakawa N, Yamamoto J, Hiraoka K, Morikage Y, Kubo T, Yasuda K, Amano K (2007) Development of new low transformation temperature welding consumable to prevent cold cracking in high strength steel welds. Sci Technol Weld Joining 12:516–522

    Google Scholar 

  49. Palmer TA, Elmer JW (2005) Direct observations of the formation and growth of austenite from pearlite and allotriomorphic ferrite in a C–Mn steel arc weld. Scripta Mater 53:535–540

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The synchrotron radiation experiments were performed at the SPring-8 with the approval of the Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI) (Proposal No. 2009B2086 and 2011B1968). The authors are grateful to Dr. Sato and Dr. Toyokawa, JASRI, for profitable discussion.

This study was conducted as a part of research activities of ‘Fundamental Studies on Technologies for Steel Materials with Enhanced Strength and Functions’ by the Consortium of The Japan Research and Development Center of Metals (JRCM). Financial support from New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) is gratefully acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yu-ichi Komizo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Komizo, Yi., Zhang, X.F., Terasaki, H. (2014). Hybrid System for In Situ Observation of Microstructure Evolution in Steel Materials. In: Kannengiesser, T., Babu, S., Komizo, Yi., Ramirez, A. (eds) In-situ Studies with Photons, Neutrons and Electrons Scattering II. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06145-0_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics