Abstract
The attention recently paid to ecosystem services, which include cultural services, such as spiritual and aesthetic experiences, seems to encourage the consideration of landscape scenic values into rural development policies. However, existing theoretical frameworks doesn’t clarify enough the differences between various landscape services, among which potential conflicts—deriving from multiple values related to the same spatial assets—may arise. A sound assessment of landscape services is necessary. The chapter aims to show that multifunctionality is a goal-oriented concept and an option, non to be considered an intrinsic character of landscape policies. Rural, environmental, landscape and spatial policies can partially share certain strategic objectives, spatial targets, and evaluation frameworks. The chapter illustrates existing techniques (as well as original proposals) for supporting landscape and rural policies through scenic landscape assessment, particularly: detailing categories of cultural services related to landscape amenity and developing scenic landscape indicators for environmental assessment frameworks. The second part of the chapter illustrates methodologies for the assessment of scenic landscape, their application in spatial planning and their potential application in rural policies, based on the Authors’ research experiences on cultural landscapes in Italy. Evidence gained through the cases studies indicates that landscape scenic beauty can be protected and enhanced by integrating landscape and rural policies. The chapter drafts a theoretical framework and illustrates the practical outcomes by a wide range of possible planning measures.
The Chapter was jointly developed by both authors. However, Bianca Seardo wrote Sects. 3.1 and 3.4.2, Bianca Seardo and Claudia Cassatella Sect. 3.2, Claudia Cassatella Sects. 3.3–3.5.
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Notes
- 1.
In Italy alone we need only mention the rural landscape of the Val d’Orcia, often used ‘to exemplify the beauty of well-managed Renaissance agricultural landscapes’, and the Cinque Terre area, protected due to the ‘exceptional scenic quality [of its coastal] intensively terraced landscape’ (UNESCO 1998).
- 2.
“There are essentially two approaches to the analysis of multifunctionality. One is to interpret multifunctionality as a characteristic of an economic activity. (…) This view can be termed the “positive” concept of multifunctionality. The second way of interpreting multifunctionality is in terms of multiple roles assigned to agriculture. (…) This view can be termed the “normative” concept of multifunctionality” (OECD 2001, p. 9).
- 3.
The tree felling programme—part of the Scenic Vista Management Plan (USDI-NPS 2010), an official planning document adopted by the park—works alongside a Strategic Environmental Assessment and was finally drafted in a participatory way in line with envisaged procedures.
- 4.
The selection is made in phase 1.
- 5.
- 6.
- 7.
This kind of interpretation is open to criticism insofar as urban areas include important landscape features (see Sect. 3.2).
- 8.
See also Cassatella (2014) in press.
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Cassatella, C., Seardo, B.M. (2014). In Search for Multifunctionality: The Contribution of Scenic Landscape Assessment. In: Rega, C. (eds) Landscape Planning and Rural Development. SpringerBriefs in Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05759-0_3
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