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Introduction: What Landmarks Are, and Why They Are Important

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Landmarks

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Abstract

Landmarks, by their pure existence, structure environments. They form cognitive anchors, markers, or reference points for orientation , wayfinding and communication. They appear in our sketches, in descriptions of meeting points or routes, and as the remarkable objects of an environment in tourist brochures. With all their significance for spatial cognition and communication, landmarks pose a major challenge for artificial intelligence and human-computer interaction. So far, research aiming for intelligent interaction design has suffered from a lack of understanding and formal modelling of landmarks. Here we will clarify our words’ meaning and draw some boundaries of our discussion, in preparation for integrating landmarks in artificial intelligence applications.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    http://www.yokohama-landmark.jp/web/english/, last visited 23/12/2013.

  2. 2.

    http://www.geonames.org/maps/google_49.672_-96.822.html, last visited 23/12/2013.

  3. 3.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmark, last visited 23/12/2013.

  4. 4.

    http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/landmark, last visited 23/12/2013.

  5. 5.

    http://www.openstreetmap.org, last visited 3/1/2014.

  6. 6.

    We will later argue that all elements Lynch has identified can be considered as landmarks.

  7. 7.

    http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/whatisai.html, last visited 3/1/2014.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Kai-Florian Richter

  2. Department of Infrastructure Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia

    Stephan Winter

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  1. Kai-Florian Richter
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  2. Stephan Winter
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Richter, KF., Winter, S. (2014). Introduction: What Landmarks Are, and Why They Are Important. In: Landmarks. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05732-3_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05732-3_1

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  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-05732-3

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