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Thermal Conductivity

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Abstract

The high attention nanofluids have received in the first decade of the twenty-first century and all the research on these suspensions are due to the experimentally observed very high values of their thermal conductivity. The high conductivity values may position some of the nanofluids as the heat transfer media of the future. Thermal conductivity is a transport property of materials, defined as the ratio of the energy flux through a surface and the local temperature gradient. High values of thermal conductivity imply higher rates of heat transfer and typically lower capital cost for the construction of a heat exchanger.

This chapter starts with an exposition of the analytical treatment of thermal conductivity and provides several useful results from statistical thermodynamics on the conductivity of fluids and solids. Analytical equations on the thermal conductivity of the suspensions are also presented based on (a) the effective medium theory, (b) the Brownian movement of nanoparticles, and (c) the interfacial layer between solids and fluid. The chapter examines critically the methods and instruments used for thermal conductivity measurements. The transient hot wire, the transient plate source, the 3ω method, steady conduction between plates or cylinders, and laser heating instruments are described in detail, and the methods used for data interpretation are explained.

A large part of the chapter is devoted to the presentation and analysis of the experimental data obtained for nanoparticles made of carbon nanotubes, metals, metal oxides, and other materials. The results of a large-scale, benchmark study on nanofluid conductivity are discussed critically. Several experimental correlations that emanate from the plethora of experimental data are presented. Finally, the mechanisms that have been promulgated for the explanation of the conductivity data are described—formation of an interfacial solid layer; electric surface charge and pH; Brownian movement of nanoparticles; transient contributions; particle shape, distribution, size, and formation of aggregates; preparation and surfactants; and thermal waves and phonons—in an informative and critical manner.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    The interfacial Kapitza resistance to the heat flux is a way of modeling the accommodation coefficient, ζ, and the temperature slip at the particle–fluid interface in the set of equations (1.69) through (1.74).

  2. 2.

    The enhancement of the thermal conductivity is defined with respect to the conductivity of the base fluid at the same temperature as (k e − k f)/k f.

  3. 3.

    The data on concentration and particle size provided by the suppliers of the samples were confirmed independently by Laboratories at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Illinois Institute of Technology.

  4. 4.

    It must be recalled, however, that thermophoresis is the averaged effect of the Brownian movement in the presence of a steady temperature gradient.

  5. 5.

    A similar analysis will lead to the paradox that turbulence does not matter in convective heat transport because the time-averaged velocity of the instantaneous turbulent fluctuation velocities is equal to zero.

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  1. Department of Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA

    Efstathios E. (Stathis) Michaelides

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Michaelides, E.E.(. (2014). Thermal Conductivity. In: Nanofluidics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05621-0_5

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