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Gambling and Lotteries

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Football, Gambling, and Money Laundering

Abstract

Money laundering through gambling and lotteries must be prevented. The role of each actor, public and private (organizers, promoters, junket agents, consumers, bettors, and enforcement agencies), in the gambling sector is analyzed in this chapter. This chapter also reveals loopholes that facilitate the use of gambling and lotteries for illicit purposes.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    USA, Japan, Germany, France, UK, Italy, and Canada, which has since been joined by Russia (G8).

  2. 2.

    The FATF is an intergovernmental agency organized to promote measures for the fight against money laundering. Its list of Forty Recommendations, drafted in 1990, was revised in 1996. Another eight Recommendations were drawn up in 2003 (on financing of terrorism) and a ninth in 2004 (also about financing of terrorism). On February 16, 2012, all 49 Recommendations were revised, improved, and condensed into 40. These Recommendations are not binding, but they do exert strong international influence on many countries (including nonmembers) to avoid losing credibility, because they are recognized by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank as international standards for combating money laundering and the financing of terrorism. In the 1996 version, they were adopted by 130 countries. In the 2003–2004 version, they were adopted by over 180 countries. It is important to mention that the idea of improving and condensing the Recommendations to avoid distortion and duplication, and to also incorporate the nine Special Recommendations on the financing of terrorism into the basic text (Forty Recommendations), originated in Brazil when it presided over the FATF between 2008 and 2009.

  3. 3.

    According to a study conducted by the Brazilian Federal Justice Council’s Judiciary Studies Center on the effectiveness of Law No. 9613/1998, through September of 2001, the Brazilian Federal Police had conducted only 260 police investigations, and most (87 %) of the federal judges polled in that study answered that there were no active proceedings in their courts relating to money laundering through 12/31/2000, the date on the survey form (FEDERAL JUSTICE COUNCIL, A critical analysis of the money laundering law). In 2002 and 2003, with Minister Gilson Dipp of the appellate court presiding, and participation from representatives of the federal courts, the office of the federal prosecutor, the federal police and the Brazilian Federation of Bank Associations (FEBRABAN), the council drew up substantive recommendations to improve investigation and prosecution of criminal money laundering by engaging the cooperation of various government departments responsible for implementing the law. It was embryonic to the National Strategy for the Fight against Money Laundering and Recovery of Assets (ENCLA), later renamed the ENCCLA. The ENCCLA is made up of the primary agencies involved in the matter, which are the office of the attorney general, the Council for Financial Activities Control (COAF), the Justice Ministry’s Asset Recovery and International Legal Cooperation Council Department (DRCI), the Federal Justice Council (CJF), the office of the federal prosecutor (MPF), the office of the comptroller-general (CGU), and the Brazilian Intelligence Agency (ABin), annually setting policy for all actions to be carried out in the execution of Law No. 9613/1998, on account of private and uncoordinated—if not conflicting—agendas having been observed among government agencies responsible for said enforcement. A meeting was held on December 5–7, 2003, in Pirenópolis in the State of Goiás, to develop a joint strategy for the fight against money laundering. To monitor progress toward the goals set forth in the objectives of access to data, asset recovery, institutional coordination, qualification and training, and international efforts and cooperation, an Integrated Management Office for the Prevention of and Fight against Money Laundering (GGI-LD) was created in compliance with Target 01 of ENCLA/2004. This office is comprised of the primary government agencies, as well as the Judicial Branch and attorney general’s office, conducting both workshops and plenary meetings on various occasions. Every year, they define new actions (formerly targets), in hopes that the conclusions arrived at during their work sessions will be transformed into substantive outcomes.

  4. 4.

    The 2012 version expanded the definition of PEPs to include both nationals and foreigners, and even international organizations.

  5. 5.

    McMafia: Crime sem fronteiras. Trad. Lucia Boldrini. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2008, p. 17.

  6. 6.

    Interview published Nov. 3, 2004, on the Consultor Jurídico website. www.conjur.com.br. Accessed June 18, 2012.

  7. 7.

    BETTI, Francisco de Assis. op. cit., p. 20.

  8. 8.

    BETTI, Francisco de Assis. op. cit., p. 39.

  9. 9.

    The Convention against Transnational Organized Crime was promulgated in Brazil by Decree No. 5015, dated March 12, 2004, and passed by Legislative Decree No. 231, dated September 29, 2003.

  10. 10.

    The Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances was ratified in Brazil by Decree No. 154, dated June 26, 1991.

  11. 11.

    The Convention Against Corruption was ratified in Brazil by Decree No. 5687, dated January 31, 2006.

  12. 12.

    Decisions and framework decisions were new instruments under Title VI of the European Union Treaty (“Provisions on Police and Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters”) replaced joint action. Framework decisions are used to bring together the legislative and regulatory provisions of member states. They are proposed on a motion by the commission or by a member state, and must be unanimously adopted. They are binding on member states as to results to achieve, and leave it to national courts to decide on the manner and the means of achieving them. Decisions address all other goals besides the conference committee work on legislative and regulatory provisions of the member states. Decisions are binding and all measures necessary to carry out the decisions within the scope of the EU are adopted by the council through qualified majority vote.

  13. 13.

    Will U.S. go after online gambling? You can bet on it, Financial Post, Sept. 20, 2006, http://www.financialpost.com/story.html?id = 56c42e74-32e5-43a7-af0b-1809acde2a09&k = 66611.

  14. 14.

    See John Warren Kindt and Stephen W. Joy, Internet Gambling and the Destabilization of National and International Economies: Time for a Comprehensive Ban on Gambling Over the World Wide Web. 80 Denv. U. L. Rev. 111, (2002–2003), p. 111.

  15. 15.

    Cf. Financial Action Task Force—FATF Vulnerabilities of Casinos and Gaming Sector, March 2009. Available at http://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/reports/Vulnerabilities%20of%20Casinos%20and%20Gaming%20Sector.pdf, Accessed June 10, 2013.

  16. 16.

    Cf. Financial Action Task Force—FATF, Money Laundering through the Football Sector Report. Available at http://www.fatf-gafi.org/topics/methodsandtrends/documents/moneylaunderingthroughthefootballsector.html. Last updated Feb. 1, 2012. Accessed on May 10, 2013.

  17. 17.

    According to statistical data compiled by the Brazilian FIU (COAF), the number of suspicious activity reports has been considerable—162,128 in 2011 and 195,493 in 2012. Since its inception in 1999, the COAF has received 637,666 reports, which shows that the possibility of money laundering through lotteries must be taken seriously. COAF, available at https://www.coaf.fazenda.gov.br/conteudo/estatisticas/comunicacoes-recebidas-por-segmento/-1, Accessed May 10, 2013.

  18. 18.

    Cf. Marcelo Batlouni Mendroni, Crime de Lavagem de Dinheiro, p. 76.

  19. 19.

    Cf. Financial Action Task Force—FATF, Money Laundering through the Football Sector Report. Available at http://www.fatf-gafi.org/topics/methodsandtrends/documents/moneylaunderingthroughthefootballsector.html. Last updated Feb. 1, 2012. Accessed on June 10, 2013.

  20. 20.

    Within the sports sector, the language in the law on money laundering (Brazilian Law no. 9.613 of March 3, 1998, as amended by Law no. 12.683 of July 9, 2012) was especially valuable because it required communication in the following manner: “XV—individuals or companies that operate in the promotion, brokerage, marketing, brokering or negotiating rights transfer athletes, artists or fairs, exhibitions or similar events.”

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  1. Tribunal Regional Federal 3rd Region, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    Fausto Martin De Sanctis

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De Sanctis, F. (2014). Gambling and Lotteries. In: Football, Gambling, and Money Laundering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05609-8_4

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