Skip to main content

Applying the Rule of Law to Contexts Beyond the State

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice ((IUSGENT,volume 38))

Abstract

By focusing on two recent developments, the authors of this chapter argue that rule of law principles can provide a general yardstick to evaluate even these norm-building processes that occur beyond the state. First, various discourses on governance in contexts beyond the state have started to integrate non-state legal structures into the rule of law concepts illustrated in terms of constitutional law, law and development, and global governance, generalizing the criteria under which non-state law can assume the same quality as the rule of law. And second, there is an increasing tendency in contexts “beyond the state” to use experiences subsumed under the rule of law as a normative yardstick to measure non-state processes of setting and enforcing norms, as well as the quality of those norms. Distanced from its origin as a principle of state law, the rule of law functions here as a general standard for legitimate and effective rule-making.

The chapter summarises results of our research within the Berlin Research Cluster SFB700 “Governance in Areas of limited Statehood” that is funded by the German Research Foundation. The translation from German was done by Sophie Perl.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Thomas Carothers, “The Rule of Law Revival”, 77 Foreign Affairs (1998) 95–106 at 98.

  2. 2.

    Bernhard Zangl and Michael Zürn, “Make Law, Not War. Internationale und transnationale Verrechtlichung als Baustein für Global Governance”, in Verrechtlichung. Baustein für Global Governance? Bernhard Zangl and Michael Zürn eds. (2004) Bonn: Dietz 12–45; Bernhard Zangl, “Judizialisierung als Bestandteil internationaler Rechtsherrschaft: Theoretische Debatten”, in Auf dem Weg zu internationaler Rechtsherrschaft? Streitbeilegung zwischen Politik und Recht, Bernhard Zangl ed. (2009) Frankfurt: Campus 11–36.

  3. 3.

    Brian Tamanaha, On the Rule of Law (2004) Cambridge University Press; Rachel Kleinfeld, Competing Definitions of the Rule of Law: Implications for Practitioners, Carnegie Papers No. 55, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (2005).

  4. 4.

    Tamanaha, supra note 3. At 91.

  5. 5.

    Gunnar Folke Schuppert, “New Modes of Governance and the Rule of Law: The Case of Transnational Rule Making”, in Rule of Law Dynamics, Michael Zürn, André Nollkaemper, and Randall Peerenboom eds. (2012) Cambridge University Press 90–107 at 104.

  6. 6.

    Brian Tamanaha, “The Rule of Law and Legal Pluralism in Development”, 3 The Hague Journal on the Rule of Law (2009) 1–17.

  7. 7.

    Laura Grenfell, Promoting the Rule of Law in Post-Conflict States (2013) Cambridge University Press at 4.

  8. 8.

    Gunnar Folke Schuppert, “Law Without the State? A ‘New Interplay’ between State and Non-State Actors in Governance by Rule-Making”, in Governance without a State, Thomas Risse ed. (2011) Columbia University Press 65–86; Matthias Kötter, “Non-State Justice Institutions”, SFB-Governance Working Paper Series No. 34 (2012).

  9. 9.

    Jeremy Waldron, The Rule of Law in Contemporary Liberal Theory, 2 Ratio Juris (1989) 79–96 at 81.

  10. 10.

    Katharina Sobota, Das Prinzip Rechtsstaat. Verfassungs- und verwaltungsrechtliche Aspekte (1997) Tübingen: Mohr.

  11. 11.

    Like, for example, by a parliamentary commission: German Federal Constitutional Court, Decision of 15 December 1970 (2 BvF 1/69, 2 BvR 629/68, 308/69).

  12. 12.

    Philipp Kunig, Das Rechtsstaatsprinzip. Überlegungen zu seiner Bedeutung für das Verfassungsrecht der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (1986) Tübingen: Mohr; id., “Der Rechtsstaat”, in Festschrift 50 Jahre Bundesverfassungsgericht, Peter Badura and Horst Dreier eds. (2001) Tübingen: Mohr 421–444.

  13. 13.

    Andreas von Arnauld, Rechtssicherheit. Perspektivische Annäherung an eine idée directrice des Rechts (2006) Tübingen: Mohr.

  14. 14.

    Rainer Grote, “Rule of Law, Rechtsstaat and ‘Etat de droit’”, in Constitutionalism, Universalism and Democracy: A Comparative Analysis, Christian Starck ed. (1999) 269–306; Stefan Martini, “Die Pluralität von Rule-of-Law-Konzeptionen in Europa und das Prinzip einer europäischen Rule of Law”, in Normative Pluralität ordnen, Matthias Kötter and Gunnar Folke Schuppert eds. (2009) Baden-Baden: Nomos 303–344.

  15. 15.

    Matthias Kötter, Pfade des Sicherheitsrechts (2008) Baden-Baden: Nomos; and the articles in Gunnar Folke Schuppert, Wolfgang Merkel, Georg Nolte, Michael Zürn eds., Der Rechtsstaat unter Bewährungsdruck (2010) Baden-Baden: Nomos.

  16. 16.

    Arthur Dyevre, “The Rule of Law in France, in Understandings of the Rule of Law in various Legal Orders of the World, Rule of Law Working Paper Series No. 14, Matthias Kötter and Gunnar Folke Schuppert eds. (2010), available at http://wikis.fuberlin.de/download/attachments/21823972/Dyevre+France.pdf.

  17. 17.

    Martini, supra note 14. At 312.

  18. 18.

    Ilja Skrylnikow, “Understanding of the Rule of Law in Russia”, in Understandings of the Rule of Law in various legal orders of the World, Rule of Law Working Paper Series Nr. 8, Matthias Kötter and Gunnar Folke Schuppert eds. (2009), available at http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/download/attachments/22347909/Skrylnikow+Russia.pdf.

  19. 19.

    Hatem Elliesie, “Rule of Law in Islamic modeled States”, in Understandings of the Rule of Law in various Legal Orders of the World, Rule of Law Working Paper Series No. 13, Matthias Kötter and Gunnar Folke Schuppert eds. (2010), available at http://wikis.fu-berlin.de/download/attachments/69533704/Elliesie+Islamic+modeled+States.pdf); id., “Binnenpluralität des Islamischen Rechts. Diversität religiöser Normativität rechtsdogmatisch und -methodisch betrachtet”, SFB-Governance Working Paper Series (2013), (forthcoming).

  20. 20.

    Brynna Connolly, Non-State Justice systems and the State: Proposal for a Recognition Typology, 38 Connecticut Law Review (2005) 239–294; Miranda Forsyth, A Typology of Relationships between State and Non-State Justice Systems, 56 Journal of Legal Pluralism, 67–112; and Kötter, supra note 8. At 16.

  21. 21.

    Article 140, German Basic Law, in conjunction with article 137 of the Weimar Constitution.

  22. 22.

    German Federal Constitutional Court, Decision of 4 June 1985 (2 BvR 1703, 1718/83, 856/84).

  23. 23.

    William C. Jr. Canby, American Indian Law in a Nutshell (5th ed. 2009) St. Paul, MN: Thomson/West.

  24. 24.

    Jan C. Bekker and Christa Rautenbach, “Nature and Sphere of Application of African Customary Law in South Africa”, in Introduction to Legal Pluralism, Christa Rautenbach, Jan C. Bekker, Nazeem M. I. Goolam eds. (3rd ed. 2010) Durban: LexisNexis at 39.

  25. 25.

    Francois Venter, “South Africa as a ‘Diceyan Rechtsstaat’”, in Understandings of the Rule of Law in various legal orders of the World, Rule of Law Working Paper Series No. 18, Matthias Kötter and Gunnar Folke Schuppert eds. (2011), available at http://wikis.fuberlin.de/download/attachments/173736195/Venter+South+Africa.pdf.

  26. 26.

    See Matthias Kötter, “Anerkennung fremder Normen im staatlichen Recht als normatives und kognitives Problem”, in Extra-disziplinäres Wissen im Verwaltungsrecht, Ino Augsberg ed. (2013) Tübingen: Mohr 63–98 at 94.

  27. 27.

    Laura Grenfell, supra note 7.

  28. 28.

    Matthias Kötter, “Wie viel Recht steckt in Good Governance?”, SFB-Governance Working Paper Series No. 58 (2013).

  29. 29.

    Noah Coburn and John Dempsey, “Traditional Dispute Resolution and Stability in Afghanistan”, U. S. Institute of Peace (USIP) (2010), available at http://www.usip.org/publications/traditional-dispute-resolution-and-stability-in-afghanistan (2014-03-29).

  30. 30.

    Brian Tamanaha, supra note 6.

  31. 31.

    Peter Thiery, Jenniver Sehring, and Wolfgang Muno, “Die Messung von Rechtsstaatlichkeit”, in Interdisziplinäre Rechtsforschung zwischen Rechtswirklichkeit, Rechtsanalyse und Rechtsgestaltung, Josef Estermann ed. (2009) Beckenried: Orlax 211–230; Wolfgang Merkel, “Measuring the Quality of Rule of Law: Virtues, Perils, Results”, in Zürn et al. supra note 5, 21–47.

  32. 32.

    Christine Arndt and Charles Oman, “Uses and Abuses of Governance Indicators”, OECD Development Center (2006). Armin von Bogdandy and Matthias Goldmann, “The Exercise of International Public Authority Through National Policy Assessment. The OECD’s PISA Policy as a Paradigm for a New International Standard Instrument”, 5 International Organizations Law Review (2008), 241–298; Kevin Davis, Angelina Fisher, Benedict Kingsbury, and Sally E. Merry eds., Governance by Indicators (2012) Oxford University Press; Kevin E. Davis, Benedict Kingsbury, and Sally E. Merry, “Indicators as a Technology of Global Governance”, 46 Law and Society Review (2012) 71–104.

  33. 33.

    Wolfgang Merkel, supra note 31. At 47.

  34. 34.

    Mark D. Agrast et al., The WJP Rule of Law Index 2012, The World Justice Project (2012) at 17.

  35. 35.

    Id. In a footnote, the authors of the World Justice Report address the limitations of this endeavor: “Significant effort has been devoted during the last 3 years to collecting data on informal justice in a dozen countries. Nonetheless, the complexities of these systems and the difficulties of measuring their fairness and effectiveness in a manner that is both systematic and comparable across countries, make assessments extraordinarily challenging. Although the WJP has collected data on this dimension, it is not included in the aggregated scores and rankings”.

  36. 36.

    Tamanaha, supra note 6. At 6.

  37. 37.

    Helmut Aust, Georg Nolte, “International Rule of Law and the Rule of Law at the National Level”, in Zürn, Nollkaemper, and Peerenboom, supra note 5. At 67.

  38. 38.

    Cf. Thomas Kleinlein, Konstitutionalisierung im Völkerrecht. Konstruktion und Elemente einer idealistischen Völkerrechtslehre (2012) Heidelberg: Springer at 542.

  39. 39.

    Stefan Oeter, “Chancen und Defizite internationaler Verrechtlichung. Was das Recht jenseits des Nationalstaats leisten kann”, in Zangl and Zürn, supra note 2, 46–73 at 52; Kleinlein, supra note 38. At 548.

  40. 40.

    Philipp C. Jessup, Transnational Law (1956) at 2 uses “the term ‘transnational law’ to include all law which regulates actions or events that transcend national frontiers. Both public and private international law are included, as are other rules which do not wholly fit into such standard categories.”

  41. 41.

    Zangl and Zürn, supra note 2; Michael Zürn, “Global Governance”, in Governance-Forschung. Vergewisserung über Stand und Entwicklungslinien, Gunnar Folke Schuppert ed. (2005) 121–146.

  42. 42.

    Bernhard Zangl, Die Internationalisierung der Rechtsstaatlichkeit. Streitbeilegung in GATT und WTO (2006) Frankfurt: Campus.

  43. 43.

    Michael Zürn, “Perspektiven des demokratischen Regierens und die Rolle der Politikwissenschaft im 21. Jahrhundert”, 52 Politische Vierteljahresschrift (2011) 603–635; Anna Geis, Frank Nullmeier, and Christopher Daase eds., Der Aufstieg der Legitimitätspolitik (2012) Baden-Baden: Nomos.

  44. 44.

    Rainer Forst and Klaus Günther, “Die Herausbildung normativer Ordnungen. Zur Idee eines interdisziplinären Forschungsprogramms”, in Die Herausbildung normativer Ordnungen. Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven, Rainer Forst ed. (2011) Frankfurt: Campus 11–32.

  45. 45.

    Christoph Möllers, “Verfassungsgebende Gewalt—Verfassung—Konstitutionalisierung”, in Europäisches Verfassungsrecht. Theoretische und dogmatische Grundzüge, Armin von Bogdandy ed. (1st ed. 2003) Berlin: Springer 1–57; Kleinlein, supra note 38; Mattias Kumm, “Kosmopolitischer Staat und konstitutionelle Autorität. Eine integrative Konzeption Öffentlichen Rechts”, in Verabschiedung und Wiederentdeckung des Staates im Spannungsfeld der Disziplinen, Der Staat Beiheft 21, Andreas Voßkuhle, Christian Bumke and Florian Meinel eds. (2013) Berlin: Duncker&Humblodt, 245–266.

  46. 46.

    Zangl, supra note 2. At 27.

  47. 47.

    Robert S. Summers, “The Principles of the Rule of Law”, 74 Notre Dame Law Review (1999) 1691–1712 at 1692f.

  48. 48.

    Zangl and Zürn, supra note 2. At 21, with further reference to HLA Hart, The concept of law (1994), and Paul F. Diehl, Charlotte Ku, Daniel Zamora, “The Dynamics of International Law: The Interaction of Normative and Operating Systems”, 57 International Organisations (2003) 43–75.

  49. 49.

    Nico Krisch, Beyond Constitutionalism. The Pluralist Structure of Postnational Law (2010) Oxford University Press; cf. Zangl, supra note 46. At 28.

  50. 50.

    Id. At 29.

  51. 51.

    Gunnar Folke Schuppert and Christian Starck eds., Das Gesetz als zentrales Steuerungsinstrument des Rechtsstaates. Symposion anläßlich des 60. Geburtstages von Christian Starck (1998) Baden-Baden: Nomos.

  52. 52.

    Karin Nehlsen von-Stryk, “Grenzen des Rechtszwangs: Zur Geschichte der Naturalvollstreckung”, 193 Archiv für die civilistische Praxis (1993) 529–555 at 530.

  53. 53.

    Schuppert, supra note 5. At 100.

  54. 54.

    Harm Schepel, The Constitution Of Private Governance: Product Standards In The Regulation Of Integrating Markets (2005) Oxford: Hart Publ.

  55. 55.

    Id. At 6.

  56. 56.

    ISO/IEC Guide 59 (1994).

  57. 57.

    Thomas Risse, “Governance in Areas of limited Statehood”, in Risse ed. supra note 8, 1–35 at 9; Michael Zürn and Mathias Koenig-Archibugy, “Conclusions II: The Modes and Dynamics of Global Governance”, in The Modes of Governance in the Global System, Mathias Koenig-Archibugy and Michael Zürn eds. (2006) Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 236–254 at 236.

  58. 58.

    Schepel, supra note 54. At 6.

  59. 59.

    Steffen Augsberg, Rechtsetzung zwischen Staat und Gesellschaft. Möglichkeiten differenzierter Steuerung des Kapitalmarktes (2003) Berlin: Duncker&Humblodt.

  60. 60.

    Id. At 279.

  61. 61.

    Id. At 289.

  62. 62.

    Miloš Vec, Recht und Normierung in der Industriellen Revolution. Neue Strukturen der Normsetzung in Völkerrecht, staatlicher Gesetzgebung und gesellschaftlicher Selbstnormierung (2006) Frankfurt: Klostermann.

  63. 63.

    Tilmann J. Röder, From Industrial to Legal Standardization, 1871–1914: Transnational Insurance Law and the Great San Francisco Earthquake (2012) Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff at 293f.

  64. 64.

    Id. At 291.

  65. 65.

    Oliver Lepsius, “Standardsetzung und Legitimation”, in Internationales Verwaltungsrecht. Eine Analyse anhand von Referenzgebieten, Christoph Möllers, Andreas Voßkuhle, and Christian Walter eds. (2007) Tübingen: Mohr 345–374 at 347.

  66. 66.

    Schepel, supra note 54. At 6.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matthias Kötter .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kötter, M., Schuppert, G.F. (2014). Applying the Rule of Law to Contexts Beyond the State. In: Silkenat, J., Hickey Jr., J., Barenboim, P. (eds) The Legal Doctrines of the Rule of Law and the Legal State (Rechtsstaat). Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, vol 38. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05585-5_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics