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Varieties of European Economic Law and Regulation pp 285–314Cite as

European Unity in Diversity?! A Conflicts-Law Re-construction of Controversial Current Developments

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Part of the book series: Studies in European Economic Law and Regulation ((SEELR,volume 3))

Abstract

The EU has come a long way since its foundation as the European Economic Community in 1957. Starting out as a purely economic union, the integration process has progressively entered into areas of political, social and cultural concern for the Member States. Meanwhile, the institutionalised ‘logic of the market’ and related harmonisation increasingly lead to tensions not only with varying socio-economic and legal systems, but also with different political and cultural perceptions.

‘Conflicts-law constitutionalism’ aims at developing new awareness for Europe’s conflict constellations and their (re-)interpretation with respect to socio-economic diversity, the social embeddedness of markets and the different regulatory cultures in the Member States. Therefore, it does not only serve for critical re-construction of the integration process but also aims at a ‘third way’ between the defence of the nation state and a quasi-federalist streamlining of Europe`s diversity. This is illustrated with five prominent and topical conflicts where market interests interfere with political, social and cultural preferences: the legendary Cassis de Dijon case, the labour law cases of Viking and Laval, the fully harmonised unfair commercial practices law, the promotion of renewable energies and the regulation of genetically-modified organisms.

This essay was produced in the context of the Bremen Cooperative Research Centre on ‘Transformations of the State’ where Christian Joerges directs (with Josef Falke) the sub-project ‘Trade, Liberalisation and Social Regulation’. Carola Glinski has elaborated the present text on the basis of Christian Joerges’ previous work, in particular on C Joerges, ‘Unity in Diversity as Europe’s Vocation and Conflicts Law as Europe’s Constitutional Form’ (2011) TransState Working Paper No 148, and has applied the theory of conflicts-law to topical political, social and cultural controversies.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Article I-8 Draft European Constitutional Treaty, [2004] OJ C 310/1.

  2. 2.

    C Joerges and M Weimer, ‘A crisis of executive managerialism in the EU: no alternative?’ (2012) Maastricht Faculty of Law Working Paper 2012/7, 2.

  3. 3.

    The EEC was designed as ‘a regime in which markets would be allowed to expand within politically defined limits that would not undermine the preconditions of social cohesion and stability at the national level’, see FW Scharpf, ‘The asymmetry of European Integration, or why the EU cannot be a social market economy’ (2010) 8 Socio-Economic Review 211, 215.

  4. 4.

    Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos v Administratie der Belastingen [1963] ECR 1.

  5. 5.

    Case 6/64 Flaminio Costa v Enel [1964] ECR 585.

  6. 6.

    Case 8/74 Procureur du Roi v Benoît and Gustave Dassonville [1974] ECR 837.

  7. 7.

    Case 120/78 Rewe-Central AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein [1979] ECR 649; on which see K Purnhagen, ‘The Virtue of Cassis de Dijon 25 years later—It is Not Dead, it Just Smells Funny’, in this volume.

  8. 8.

    Joerges and Weimer, ‘A crisis of executive managerialism in the EU’, 2 ff.

  9. 9.

    With the main proponents Walter Eucken and Franz Böhm. A Müller-Armack is also significant here, ‘Die Wirtschaftsordnung des gemeinsamen Marktes’ in A Müller-Armack (ed), Wirtschaftsordnung und Wirtschaftspolitik (Freiburg, Rombach, 1966) 40; for further references see C Joerges, ‘Unity in Diversity as Europe`s Vocation and Conflicts Law as Europe’s Constitutional Form’ (2011) TransState Working Paper No 148; see also C Joerges and F Rödl, ‘On the “Social Deficit” of the European Integration Project and its Perpetuation through the ECJ Judgements in Viking and Laval’ (2008) RECON Working Paper 2008/06.

  10. 10.

    See in particular HP Ipsen, Europäisches Gemeinschaftsrecht (Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck, 1972) 176 ff, 1045; id., Verfassungsperspektiven der Europäischen Gemeinschaften (Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 1970) 8, and the interpretation by M Kaufmann, Europäische Integration und Demokratieprinzip (Baden-Baden, Nomos, 1997) 300, 312 ff; and E Forsthoff, ’Begriff und Wesen des sozialen Rechtsstaats’ (1954) 12 Veröffentlichungen der Vereinigung deutscher Staatsrechtslehrer 8. The so-called Sozialstaats-debate is an evergreen in German constitutionalism; for recent contributions, see F Rödl, ‘Die Idee demokratischer und sozialer Union im Verfassungsrecht der EU’ (2013) Suppl 1 Europarecht; C Joerges, ‘Rechtsstaat and Social Europe: How a Classical Tension Resurfaces in the European Integration Process’ (2010) 9 Comparative Sociology 65.

  11. 11.

    See, in particular, G Majone, ‘The European Community as a Regulatory State’ (1994) Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law V/1 (Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff, 1996) 321; id, Regulating Europe (London, Routledge, 1996). See, also, G Majone, ‘Regulating Europe: Problems and Prospects’ (1989) 3 Jahrbuch zur Staats- und Verwaltungswissenschaft 159; id, ‘Cross-national resources of regulatory policymaking in Europe and the United States’ (1991) 11 Journal of Public Policy 79 and, recently, id, Europe as the Would-be World Power: The EU at Fifty (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010).

  12. 12.

    See, path breaking, JHH Weiler, ‘The Community System: the dual character of supranationalism’ (1981) 1 Yearbook of European Law 257; id, ‘Transformation of Europe’ (1990–91) 100 Yale Law Journal 2403.

  13. 13.

    See only the Chemicals Dir 67/548/EEC, [1967] OJ 1967 L 186/1; the Cosmetics Dir 76/768/EEC, [1976] OJ L 262/169; the Birds Habitat Dir 79/409/EEC, [1979] OJ L 103/1. See, also, the Resolution on a preliminary programme of the European Economic Community for a consumer protection and information policy of 1975, [1975] OJ C 92/1.

  14. 14.

    Also, the conceptual separation between risk assessment and risk management is a consequence of the awareness of the political aspects of allocation of risks; see, only, U Beck, Risikogesellschaft (Frankfurt, Suhrkamp, 1986). See also G Winter, Risikoanalyse and Risikoabwehr im Chemikalienrecht (Dusseldorf, Werner, 1995).

  15. 15.

    See the legendary European Commission’s ‘White Paper to the European Council on Completion of the Internal Market’, COM(85) 310 final.

  16. 16.

    See, on the one hand, A Hatje, ‘The Economic Constitution within the Internal Market’ in A von Bogdandy and J Bast, Principles of European Constitutional Law, 2nd ed (Oxford, Hart, 2011) 589, and J Drexl, ‘Competition Law as Part of the European Constitution’, ibid, 659, which are strongly indebted to the ordoliberal tradition, and on the other hand M Höpner and A Schäfer, ‘A New Phase of European Integration: Organized Capitalisms in Post-Ricardian Europe’ (2010) 33 West European Politics 344. Such theoretical controversies vary of course as strongly as Europe’s varieties of capitalism. Scharpf, however, regards the introduction of the SEA the logical consequence of the ‘highly asymmetric institutional configuration’ by the end of the 1970s due to the judicial deregulation by the ECJ`s ‘Dassonville-Cassis line’ of decisions, see Scharpf, ‘The asymmetry of European Integration’, 220, 223.

  17. 17.

    See also Joerges and Rödl, ‘On the "Social Deficit" of the European Integration Project’, 4.

  18. 18.

    See M Streit and W Mussler, ‘The economic constitution of the European Community. From "Rome to Maastricht”’ (1995) 1 European Law Journal 5.

  19. 19.

    Indeed, the statement from the 1972 European Council Summit already reads like an early attempt to create an embedded liberalism at European level: ‘Economic expansion, which is not an end in itself, must as a priority help to attenuate the disparities in living conditions. (…) It must emerge in an improved quality as well as in an improved standard of life. In the European spirit special attention will be paid to non-material values and wealth and to protection of the environment so that progress shall serve mankind’.

  20. 20.

    Majone, Europe as the Would-be World Power, 1.

  21. 21.

    See G Majone, Dilemmas of European Integration: The Ambiguities and Pitfalls of Integration by Stealth (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005).

  22. 22.

    Majone, Europe as the Would-be World Power, 128 ff.—And it is for this reason erroneous to classify Majone as a ‘technocrat’. His reserves against a comprehensive European social model rested, from early on, upon the democratic concern for a proper legitimation of distributional politics; see C Joerges, ‘Der Philosoph als wahrer Rechtslehrer. Review Essay on Giandomenico Majone, Regulating Europe’ (1999) 5 European Law Journal 147.

  23. 23.

    Majone, Dilemmas of European Integration, 170 ff.

  24. 24.

    Weiler, ‘The Transformation of Europe’, 2461 ff.

  25. 25.

    JHH Weiler, ‘Fin-de-Siècle Europe’ in R Dehousse (ed), Europe After Maastricht: An Ever Closer Union? (Munich, CH Beck, 1994) 203, 215.

  26. 26.

    See JHH Weiler, ‘On the Power of the Word: Europe’s Constitutional Iconography’ (2005) 3 ICON 173.

  27. 27.

    See JHH Weiler, ‘The Political and Legal Culture of European Integration: An Exploratory Essay’ (2011) 9 ICON 678.

  28. 28.

    See, in particular C Joerges and J Neyer, ‘From Intergovernmental Bargaining to Deliberative Political Processes: The Constitutionalisation of Comitology’ (1997) 3 European Law Journal 273.

  29. 29.

    This focus on a European common good also found its expression in the case law of the ECJ. When interpreting the requirement of a ‘high level of consumer protection’, the ECJ concluded that this did not need to represent the highest attainable level but that a cutback in individual Member States was justified by the general increase of protection in the EU; see Case C-233/94 Germany v Parliament and Council [1997] I-4205 on deposit guarantee schemes.

  30. 30.

    FW Scharpf, ‘Legitimacy Intermediation in the Multilevel European Polity and Its Collapse in the Euro Crisis’ (2012) MPlfG Discussion Paper 12/6, 15 ff, http://www.mpifg.de/pu/mpifg_dp/dp12-6.pdf.

  31. 31.

    See Scharpf, ‘The asymmetry of European integration’.

  32. 32.

    For an earlier version, see C Joerges, ‘Rethinking European Law’s Supremacy: A Plea for a Supranational Conflict of Laws’ (with comments by D Chalmers, R Nickel, F Rödl and R Wai) (2005) EUI Working Paper Law 12/2005; for affirmative and critical comments see C Joerges, P Kjaer and T Ralli (eds), ‘Conflicts Law as Constitutional Form in the Postnational Constellation’ (2011) 2 Transnational Legal Theory; for a particularly sensitive recent discussion cf. G Teubner, Constitutional Fragments: Societal Constitutionalism in Globalization (Oxford, OUP, 2012) 150.

  33. 33.

    In the following, we draw on C Joerges, ‘Integration through Conflicts Law: On the Defence of the European Project by means of Alternative Conceptualisation of Legal Constitutionalisation’ in R Nickel (ed), Conflict of Laws and Laws of Conflict in Europe and Beyond—Patterns of Supranational and Transnational Juridification (Antwerp, Intersentia, 2010) 377 and ‘The Idea of a Three-dimensional Conflicts Law as Constitutional Form’ in C Joerges and E-U Petersmann (eds), Constitutionalism, Multilevel Trade Governance and International Economic Law, 2nd ed (Oxford, Hart, 2011) 413.

  34. 34.

    This is the observation on which Jürgen Neyer and the present author based their quest for a legitimation of European law by its potential to compensate the structural democracy failures of nation states back in 1997. See C Joerges and J Neyer, ‘From Intergovernmental Bargaining to Deliberative Political Processes: The Constitutionalisation of Comitology’ (1997) 3 European Law Journal 273, 293. Jürgen Neyer has elaborated and refined the argument systematically in his recent monograph entitled The Justification of Europe. A Political Theory of Supranational Integration (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012). Jürgen Habermas had submitted a very similar idea in his very first essay on European integration. See J Habermas, Staatsbürgerschaft und nationale Identität (St. Gallen, Erker, 1991), reprinted in id, Between Facts and Norms. Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy (Cambridge MA, The MIT Press, 1998) 491, 503: The citizens today experience ‘an ever greater gap being passively affected and actively participating’.

  35. 35.

    J Habermas, ‘Does the Constitutionalization of International Law Still Have a Chance?’ in id, The Divided West (Cambridge, Polity Press, 2007) 113, 176.

  36. 36.

    Suffice it here to point to the control and correction of budgetary policies and all sectors of national polities by the regulatory machinery which the Six Pack and the Fiscal Compact have by now established. See, in detail, C Joerges, ‘The European Economic Constitution and its Transformation through the Financial Crisis’ in DM Patterson and A Södersten (eds), A Companion to European Union Law and International Law (Chichester, Wiley-Blackwell, 2013, forthcoming), text accompanying note 53 ff; Joerges and Weimer, ‘A crisis of executive managerialism in the EU’, 28 ff.

  37. 37.

    On which, see C Joerges and F Rödl, ‘Reconceptualising the Constitution of Europe’s Post-national Constellation—by dint of Conflict of Laws’ in I Lianos and O Odudu (eds), Regulating Trade in Services in the EU and the WTO. Trust, Distrust and Economic Integration (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2012) 762.

  38. 38.

    See R Wiethölter, ‘Just-ifications of a Law of Society’ in O Perez and G Teubner (eds), Paradoxes and Inconsistencies in the Law (Oxford, Hart, 2005) 65.

  39. 39.

    See M Everson and J Eisner, The Making of the EU Constitution: Judges and Lawyers beyond Constitutive Power (Milton Park, Routledge, 2007) in particular 41 ff.

  40. 40.

    A Wiener, The Invisible Constitution of Politics: Contested Norms and International Encounters(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2008).

  41. 41.

    D Curtin, Executive Power of the European Union. Law, Practices and the Living Constitution(Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009).

  42. 42.

    Now Art 5(1) TEU.

  43. 43.

    Often based upon dubious impact assessment exercises, see H-W Micklitz, ‘The Relationship between National and European Consumer Law—Challenges and Perspectives’ (2008) Yearbook of Consumer Law 35.

  44. 44.

    See, eg, Dir 2011/24/EU on the application of patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare, [2011] OJ L 88/45.

  45. 45.

    See, eg, Case C-512/99 Germany v Commission [2003] ECR I-845, on rock wool; Commission decisions 2000/509/EC, [2000] OJ L 205/7; 2001/570/EC, [2001] OJ L 202/37 on organostannic compounds.

  46. 46.

    See Section 4.2 below.

  47. 47.

    Such as taxes, see Arts 113, 192, 194(3) TFEU; social security, see Arts 21(3), 151(1)(c) with 152; languages, see Art 118(2) TFEU on language issues in patent law.

  48. 48.

    For an attempt to introduce a comitology procedure in the area of unfair contract terms law, see the proposal for a Directive on consumer rights, COM(2008) 614 final. Critique by H-W Micklitz, ‘Review of Academic Approaches to the European Contract Law Codification Project’ in M Andenas et al (eds), Liber Amicorum Guido Alpa (London, BIICL, 2007) 710.

  49. 49.

    Case C-341/05 Laval un Partneri Ltd v Svenska Byggnadsarbetareförbundetet al [2007] ECR I-11767.

  50. 50.

    Case C-438/05 International Transport Workers’ Federation, Finnish Seamen’s Union v Viking Line ABP, OÜ Viking Line Eesti [2007] ECR I-10779.

  51. 51.

    See, in particular Scharpf, ‘The asymmetry of European integration’, 219 ff. See, in a similar vein, AJ Menéndez, ‘United they diverge? From conflicts to constitutional theory? Critical remarks on Joerges’ theory of conflicts of law’ (2011) RECON Working Paper 2011/6.

  52. 52.

    D Chalmers, ‘Deliberative Supranationalism and the Reterritorialization of Authority’ in B Kohler-Koch and B Rittberger (eds), Debating the Democratic Legitimacy (Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007) 329, 334.

  53. 53.

    See E Steindorff, ‘Probleme des Art. 30 EWG’ (1984) 148 Zeitschrift für das gesamte Handelsrecht und Wirtschaftsrecht 338. See also Scharpf, ‘The asymmetry of European integration’, 221 ff with further references: Private ‘enforcers’ of fundamental freedoms and their ‘persistent (…) search (…) for new obstacles to remove’ could be regarded as a major driving force for liberalisation.

  54. 54.

    See, also, comprehensively Scharpf, ibid, 224 ff.

  55. 55.

    See, generally, Scharpf, ibid, 223 ff.

  56. 56.

    On cultural diversity in advertising see T Wilhelmsson, ‘Harmonizing Unfair Commercial Practices Law: The Cultural and Social Dimensions’ (2006) Osgoode Hall Law Journal 461

  57. 57.

    Case C-470/93 Verein gegen Unwesen in Handel und Gewerbe Köln e.V. v Mars GmbH [1995] ECR I-1923, para 24.

  58. 58.

    [1984] OJ L 250/17.

  59. 59.

    According to Article 7, ‘(t)his Directive shall not preclude Member States from retaining or adopting provisions with a view to ensuring more extensive protection for consumers, persons carrying on a trade, business, craft or profession, and the general public’. On minimum harmonisation as recognition of plurality see T Wilhelmsson, ‘Private Law in the EU: Harmonised or Fragmented Europeanisation?’ (2002) 10 European Review of Private Law 77.

  60. 60.

    For a summary, see AG Jacobs, Case C-312/98 Schutzverband gegen Unwesen in der Wirtschaft e.V. v Warsteiner Brauerei Haus Cramer GmbH & Co. KG [2000] ECR I-9187, paras 59 ff.

  61. 61.

    Joined Cases C-267/91 and C-268/91 Criminal proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard [1993] ECR I-6097.

  62. 62.

    [2000] OJ L 178/1.

  63. 63.

    [2005] OJ L 149/22.

  64. 64.

    Defined as any act, omission, course of conduct or representation, commercial communication including advertising and marketing, by a trader, directly connected with the promotion, sale or supply of a product to consumers.

  65. 65.

    Joined Cases C-261/07 and C-299/07 VTB-VAB NV v Total Belgium NV and Galatea BVBA v Sanoma Magazines Belgium NV [2009] ECR I-2949.

  66. 66.

    Case C-540/08 Mediaprint Zeitungs- und Zeitschriftenverlag GmbH & Co. KG v “Österreich”-Zeitungsverlag GmbH [2010] ECR I-10909.

  67. 67.

    For the relevance of the principle of minimum harmonisation for this development, see H-W Micklitz, ‘Zur Notwendigkeit eines neuen Konzepts für die Fortentwicklung des Verbraucherrechts in der EU’ (2003) Verbraucher und Recht 2, 7.

  68. 68.

    See now Art 6 of the Rome I Regulation (EC) No 593/2008, [2008] OJ L 177/6.

  69. 69.

    See the proposal for a Directive on consumer rights, COM(2008) 614 final.

  70. 70.

    Case C-438/05 Viking, para 44.

  71. 71.

    Dir 96/71/EC concerning the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services, [1996] OJ L 18/1.

  72. 72.

    For a comprehensive analysis, see C Joerges and F Rödl, ‘On the ‘Social Deficit’ of the European Integration Project and its Perpetuation through the ECJ Judgements in Viking and Laval’, RECON Working Paper 2008/06. See also N Reich, ‘Free Movement v. Social Rights in an Enlarged Union—the Viking and Laval Cases before the ECJ’ (2009) 10 German Law Journal 125 for a differing analysis of the Laval Case.

  73. 73.

    [2009] OJ L 140/16.

  74. 74.

    Subsidies law is not discussed here. See J Lutz, M Schütt and V Behlau, ‘Klimaschutz durch nationale Energiebeihilfen, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen nationaler Maßnahmen zur Förderung Erneuerbarer Energien und Energieeffizienz unter dem europäischen Beihilferegime’ (2011) Zeitschrift für Umweltrecht 178; C Glinski, ‘Legal Constraints and External Effects of the German „Energiewende“: A search for Adequate Collision Approaches’ in C Joerges and C Glinski (eds), Authoritarian Managerialism versus Democratic Governance (Oxford, Hart, 2014 forthcoming).

  75. 75.

    See §§ 23 ff EEG.

  76. 76.

    Case C-379/98 PreussenElektra AG v Schleswag AG [2001] ECR I-2099.

  77. 77.

    Central is of course the determination of binding national minimum quotas of renewable energies in the energy mix, see Art 3 with Annex I A.

  78. 78.

    Art 2 lit. k).

  79. 79.

    Art 3(3)2; see, also, very clearly recital (25). Even stronger Art 15 (2) sub-para 4: foreign certificates cannot be included into the (mandatory) national quota.

  80. 80.

    Arts 6 to 11.

  81. 81.

    AG Bot, Opinion of 8/5/2013, joined Cases C-204/12 to 208/12 Essent Belgium NV v Vlaamse Reguleringsinstantie voor de Elektriciteits- en Gasmarkt, not yet reported.

  82. 82.

    In essence, under that scheme energy suppliers have to buy a certain number of green energy, documented with green certificates. This quota can only be fulfilled with green certificates from Flemish renewable-energy producers, whilst electricity from foreign energy-producers, even if certified, does not count.

  83. 83.

    Ibid, para 70: ‘First of all I want to point out that due to the lack of a harmonised support regime for renewable energies by Directive 2001/77/EC, the Member States are obliged to respect the fundamental freedoms of the Treaty, which includes the free movement of goods’ (translation by the authors).

  84. 84.

    Ibid, paras 102 ff.

  85. 85.

    Ibid, para 105 f.

  86. 86.

    For comprehensive analysis, see Glinski, ‘Legal Constraints and External Effects’.

  87. 87.

    The REACH system, Reg (EC) No 1907/2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) [2006] OJ L 396/1, that has introduced a centralised European system of risk management for chemicals and replaced the former national procedures, is regarded to be the most elaborated system of EU administration and an important cornerstone in this development. Although criticised for the privatisation of risk assessment, it seems to ‘operate’ without major political conflicts.

  88. 88.

    Reg (EC) No 1829/2003 concerning the traceability and labelling of genetically modified organisms and the traceability of food and feed products produced from genetically-modified organisms [2003] OJ L 268/24.

  89. 89.

    [2001] OJ L 106/1.

  90. 90.

    And even to GMOs (maize MON 810) authorised under the previous scheme, see Joined Cases C-58/10 to C-68/10 Monsanto SAS et al v Ministre de l’Agriculture et de la Pêche [2011] ECR I-7763; on which, see C Glinski, ‘Sieg und Niederlage für die grüne Gentechnik’ (2011) Zeitschrift für Umweltrecht 526.

  91. 91.

    See Glinski, ‘Sieg und Niederlage für die grüne Gentechnik’.

  92. 92.

    The revised burden of proof—in theory based upon the precautionary principle—leads to the major influence of the private risk assessment by the applicant, which is regularly not questioned by the EFSA, and thus Member State concerns are not taken seriously.

  93. 93.

    See e.g. G Winter, ‘Das Inverkehrbringen von unerkannten gentechnisch veränderten Organismen—Ein Problem? Ein gelöstes Problem?’ (2005) Neue Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsrecht 1133, 1136.

  94. 94.

    See Art 5 of Reg (EU) No 182/2011 laying down the rules and general principles concerning mechanisms for control by Member States of the Commission’s exercise of implementing powers, [2011] OJ 55/13. Under the previous regime of Decision 1999/468/EC laying down the procedures for the exercise of implementing powers conferred on the Commission, [1999] OJ L 184/23, even a qualified majority was necessary to oppose the Commission’s proposal for a decision.

  95. 95.

    See Art 6(2) of Reg (EU) No 182/2011.

  96. 96.

    For a comprehensive analysis see, in particular, M Weimer, Democratic Legitimacy through European Conflicts Law? The case of EU administrative Governance of GMOs (Florence, EUI PhD Thesis, 2012). See also id, ‘Between scientification and politicization—the failure of risk governance in EU regulation of GMOs, and its implications for Conflicts-Law-Constitutionalism’ in Joerges and Glinski (eds), Authoritarian Managerialism versus Democratic Governance, with further references.

  97. 97.

    See the already mentioned ECJ, Joined Cases C-58/10 to C-68/10 Monsanto SAS et al v Ministre de l’Agriculture et de la Pêche [2011] ECR I-7763, where the ECJ denied the Member State competence for safeguard measures. See, also, ECJ judgment of 26 September 2013, Case T-164/10 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. v Commission, not yet reported, where the ECJ has interpreted this political deadlock as a failure of the Commission to act.

  98. 98.

    See proposal for a Regulation amending Directive 2001/18/EC as regards to the possibility of the Member States to restrict or prohibit the cultivation of GMOs in their territory, COM(2012) 375 final. The proposed inclusion of a new Art 26b into the Directive is to contain the ‘opt-out’ clause.

  99. 99.

    See Glinski, ‘Sieg und Niederlage für die grüne Gentechnik’: For a detailed analysis of the to date failure of the adoption process, see Weimer, ‘Between scientification and politicization’, each with further references.

  100. 100.

    See, for a systematic elaboration, M Everson and C Joerges, ‘Reconfiguring the Politics–Law Relationship in the Integration Project through Conflicts–Law Constitutionalism’ (2012) 18 European Law Journal 644.

  101. 101.

    E Rabel, ‘Das Problem der Qualifikation’ (1931) 5 Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht 241.

  102. 102.

    See A Lyon-Caen, ‘Droit communautaire du marché vs. Europe sociale’, contribution to the symposium The Impact of the Case Law of the ECJ upon the Labour Law of the Member States, Berlin, 26/6/2008, organised by the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, www.bmas.de/portal/27028/2008__07__16__symposium__eugh__lyon-caen.html.

  103. 103.

    R Dukes, ‘Hugo Sinzheimer and the Constitutional Function of Labour Law’ in G Davidov and B Langilde (eds), The Idea of Labour Law (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011) 57.

  104. 104.

    See, again, Weimer, ‘Between scientification and politicization’.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Collaborative Research Centre, University of Bremen, Universitätsallee GW1, 28359, Bremen, Germany

    Carola Glinski

  2. Collaborative Research Center, Centre for European Law and Politics (ZERP), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

    Christian Joerges

  3. Hertie School of Governance, Berlin, Germany

    Christian Joerges

  4. Fachbereich Rechtswissenschaft, Zentrum für Europäische Rechtspolitik (ZERP), Universität Bremen, Universitätsallee GW1, 28359, Bremen, Germany

    Christian Joerges

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  1. Carola Glinski
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Correspondence to Carola Glinski .

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  1. Law and Governance Group, Faculty of Law, Wageningen University, Erasmus University of Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Kai Purnhagen

  2. Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Peter Rott

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Glinski, C., Joerges, C. (2014). European Unity in Diversity?! A Conflicts-Law Re-construction of Controversial Current Developments. In: Purnhagen, K., Rott, P. (eds) Varieties of European Economic Law and Regulation. Studies in European Economic Law and Regulation, vol 3. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04903-8_14

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