Abstract
Henry (1963) and Hughes (1965) published reviews on the topic. Both reviews suggested that the 6–7 and 14 PS had some pathological correlations possibly including some forms of epilepsy. Subsequently, a number of reports were published that asserted a lack of correlation with epilepsy. This conclusion was based on the observation that the detection of this pattern did not predict the occurrence of any form of seizures recognized by the epilepsy clinical or research communities. The serious problem occurred when this lack of a close relationship between PS and epilepsy or any other neurological conditions was generalized to mean that the pattern in fact had no pathological correlates at all. A number of reports appeared that concluded that the PS was an entirely normal phenomenon void of any clinical significance. As is obvious, there is a rather large logical gap between the two assertions. By the mid-1970s a number of reports began appearing that related the 6–7 and 14 PS to behavioral and neurovegetative symptoms. Among the six “controversial” patterns described in this section, the PS proves to be the most controversial.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Andy OJ, Jurko MF (1972) Focal thalamic discharges with visceral disturbance and pain treated by thalamotomy. Clin Electroencephalogr 3:215–223
Avery C (1968) A psychological study of patients with behavior problems and 6 and 14 per second positive spikes in their electroencephalograms. Am J Psychiatry 24:171–173
Beun AM, van Ende Boas W, Dekker E (1998) Sharp transients in the sleep EEG of healthy adults: a possible pitfall in the diagnostic assessment of seizure disorders. Electroencephalgr Clin Neurophys 106:44–51
Boelhouwer C, Henry CE, Glueck BC (1968) Positive spiking—a double-blind control study on its significance in behavior disorders both diagnostically and therapeutically. Am J Psychiatry 25:473–481
Bosaeus E, Selldén U (1979) Psychiatric assessment of healthy children with various EEG patterns. Acta Psychiatr Scand 59:180–210
Boutros NN, Fristad M, Abdollohian A (1998) The 14 and 6 positive spikes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 44(4):298–301
Bryant N, Friedlander WJ (1965) “14 + 6” in boys with specific reading disability. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 19:322 (Abstract)
Castellotti V, Cermibori A, Pittaluga E (1966) Observations on the electroencephalographic pattern of the 6–14 c/sec positive spikes. Sist Nerv 18:82–99
Cervone R, Blum A (2007) Normal variant EEG patterns. In: Blum AS, Rutkove SB (eds) The clinical neurophysiology primer. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 83–100
Chaloner J, Pampiglione G (1983) ‘Posterior temporal fast’ EEG activity in childhood. Rev Alectroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 13:53–60
Crowley WJ, Liske E (1967) Fourteen and six per second positive spiking—an EEG finding in some air crew personnel. Aerospace Med 38:851–855
DeLong GR, Rosenberger PB, Hildreth S, Silver I (1987) The 14&6-associated clinical complex: a rejected hypothesis revisited. J Child Neurol 2:117–127
DeMyer MK, DeMyer W, Norton JA (1977) Brain damage index for young children. Clin Electroencephalogr 8:35
Domenici R, Meossi C, Stefani G, Castelli S (1991) A diagnostic controversy: the significance of 14-6/sec positive spikes in clinical electroencephalography. Pediatr Med Chir 13(4):417–22, (Italian)
Eeg-Olofsson O (1971) The development of the electroencephalogram in normal children from the age of 1 through 15: 14 and 6 Hz positive spike phenomenon. Neuropaediatrie 2:405–427
Engelhart RS, Knott JR (1964) An inquiry into MMPI correlates of the 14 and 6/sec positive spike phenomena. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 17:467 (Abstract I)
Friedlander WJ (1969) Relationship of the average wave frequency of sleep spindles and temporally related 14 and 6/sec positive spikes. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 26:118 (Abstract)
Gianturco DT, Wilson WP, Musella L (1972) Effect of psychiatric and autonomic symptoms on the incidence of fourteen and six per second positive spikes among adolescents. Clin Electroencephalogr 3:55–59
Gibbs EL, Gibbs FA (1951) Electroencephalographic evidence of thalamic and hypothalamic epilepsy. Neurology 1:136–144
Gibbs EL, Gibbs FA (1973) Clinical significance of 14 and 6 per second positive spikes in the electroencephalograms of patients over 29 years of age. Clin Electroencephalogr 4:140–144
Gibbs FA (1972) Violent behavior and the electroencephalogram. Clin Electroencephalogr 3:209 (in discussion)
Gibbs FA, Gibbs EL (1963) Fourteen and six per second positive spikes. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 15:553–558
Gibbs FA, Gibbs EL (1964) Atlas of electroencephalography, vol 3. Addison-Wesley, Reading
Gibbs FA, Gibbs EL (1971a) Anti-epileptic treatment of patients with 14 and 6 per second positive spikes in the electroencephalograms. Clin Electroencephalogr 2:52–55
Gibbs FA, Gibbs EL (1971b) How much do sleep recordings contribute to the detection of seizure activity? Clin Electroencephalogr 2:169–172
Gibbs FA, Gibbs EL. 1977. Electroencephalography in post-traumatic legal cases. Clin Electroencephalogr J 8:156–164
Gibbs FA, Novick RG (1977) Electroencephalographic findings among adult patients in a private psychiatric hospital. Clin Electroencephalogr 8:79–88
Gibbs FA, Gibbs EL (1987) Electroencephalographic study of head injury in children. Clin Electroencephalogr 18(1):10–11
Greenberg IM, Pollack M (1966) Clinical correlates of 14 and 6/sec positive spiking in schizophrenic patients. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophys 20:197–200
Henry CE (1963) Positive spike discharges in the EEG and behavior abnormality. In: Glaser GH (ed) EEG and behavior. Basic Books, New York, pp 315–344
Hoshika A, Matsuno T, Ogihara M, Miyajuma T, Aritaki S, Honda T, Oana Y, Miura S (1981) Clinical EEG study of fourteen and six/sec positive spikes followed by slow waves. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 52:S110
Hotta T, Fujimoto I (1973) A study on abdominal epilepsy. Yanago Acta Med 17(3):231–239
Hughes JR (1960) The 14 and 7 per second positive spikes-a reappraisal following a frequency count. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 12:495–496
Hughes JR (1965) A review of the positive spike phenomenon. In: Wilson WP (ed) Applications of electroencephalography in psychiatry. Duke University Press, Durham, pp 54–101
Hughes JR (1971) Electroencephalography and learning disabilities. In: Myklebust HR (ed) Progress in learning disabilities, vol 2. Grune and Stratton, New York, pp 18–55
Hughes JR (1994) EEG in Clinical Practice, 2nd edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston
Hughes JR, Cayaffa JJ (1977) The EEG in patients at different ages without organic cerebral disease. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 42:776–784
Hughes JR, Cayaffa JJ (1978) Positive spikes revisited—in the adult. Clin Electroencephalogr 9(2):52–59
Hughes JR, Park GE (1968) The EEG in dyslexia. In: Kellaway P, Petersen I (eds) Clinical electroencephalography in children. Almqvist and Wiksell, Stockholm, pp 307–327
Hughes MR, Means ED, Stell B (1965) A controlled study on the behavior disorders associated with the positive spike phenomenon. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 18:349–353
Hughes JR, Wilson WP (1983) EEG and Evoked Potentials in Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurology. Butterworths, Boston
Kellaway P, Crawley JW, Kagawa N (1959) A specific electroencephalographic correlate of convulsive equivalent disorders in children. J Pediatr 55:582–592
Knott JR, Muehl S, Benton AL (1965) Electroencephalograms in children with reading disabilities. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 18:513 (Abstract)
Kurata S (1982) Clinical trials of carbamazepine for autonomic seizures with and without generalized epileptic seizures. Brain Dev 4:81–86
Lombroso CT, Schwartz IH, Clark DM, Muench H, Barry J (1966) Ctenoids in healthy youths: controlled study of 14-and 6—per-second positive spiking. Neurology 16:1152–1158
Loomis SD (1965) EEG abnormalities as a correlate of behavior in adolescent male delinquents. Am J Psychiatry 121:1003–1006
Millen FJ, White B (1954): Fourteen and six per second positive spike activity in children. Neurology 4: 541-549
Milstein V, Small JG (1971) Psychological correlates of` 14 + 6 positive spikes, 6/sec spike-wave and small sharp spike transients. Clin Electroencephalogr 2:206–212
Milstein V, Small JG, Golay S, Niggl D (1978) 1Conceptual thinking and the EEG in psychiatric patients. Clin Electroencephalogr 9:96–100
Muehl S, Knott JR, Benton AL (1965) EEG abnormality and psychological test performance in reading disability. Cortex 1:434–440
Okuma T, Kuba K, Matsushita T, Nakao T, Fujii S, Shimoda Y (1968) Study on 14 and 6 per second positive spikes during nocturnal sleep. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 25:140–149
Olson WH, Gibbs FA, Adams CL (1970) Electroencephalographic study of criminals. Clin Electroencephalogr 1:92–100
Petersén I, Eeg—Olofsson O (1981) Longitudinal study of the EEG in normal children and adolescents. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 52:S61 (Abstract)
Petersén I, Selldén U (1981) On the need to collect EEG data from so-called normal individuals. In: Stalberg E, Young RR (eds) Clinical neurophysiology. Butterworths, Woburn, pp 325–346
Pollack M, Jaffe R, Woerner MG, Klein DF (1969) Fourteen and six per second positive spikes in psychiatric patients and their sibs. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 27:669–670
Radhakrishnan K, Santoshkumar B, Venugopal A (1999) Prevalence of benign epileptiform variants observed in an EEG laboratory from South India. Clin Neurophysiol 110:280–285
Rau JH, Struve FA, Green RS (1979) Electroencephalographic correlates of compulsive eating. Clin Electroencephalogr 10:180–189
Reiher J, Carmant L (1991) Clinical correlates and electroencephalographic characteristics of two additional patterns related to 14 and 6 per second positive spikes. Can J Neurol Sci 18:488–491
Riley T, Niedermeyer E (1978) Rage attacks and episodic violent behavior. Electroencephalographic findings and general considerations. Clin Electroencephalogr 9:131–139
Santoshkumar B, Chong JJ, Blume WT, McLachlan RS, Young GB, Diosy DC, Burneo JG, Mirsattari M (2009) Prevalence of benign epileptiform variants. Clin Neurophysiol 120(5):856–861
Schwartz IH, Lombroso CT (1968) 14 and 6/second positive spiking (ctenoids) in the electroencephalograms of primary school pupils. J Pediatr 72:678–682
Shimoda Y, Yoshino Y, Tanaka K (1969) Semiological relations of the frequency and distribution of six and fourteen per second positive spikes. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 27:668 (Abstract)
Silverman D (1967) Phantom spike—waves and the fourteen and six per second positive spike pattern: a consideration of their relationship. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 23:207–213
Sheeby BN, Little SC, Stone JJ (1960) Abdominal epilepsy. J Pediatr 56:355–363
Small JG (1971) Photoconvulsive and photomyoclonic responses in psychiatric patient. Clin Electroencephalogr 2:78–88
Small JG, Milstein V, DeMyer MK, Moore JE (1977) Electroencephalographic (EEG) and clinical studies of early infantile autism. Clin Electroencephalogr 8:27–35
Small JG, Milstein V, Jay S (1978) Clinical EEG studies of short and long term stimulant drug therapy of hyperkinetic children. Clin Electroencephalogr 9:186–194
Small JG, Milstein V, Medlock CE (1997) Clinical EEG findings in Mania. Clin Electroencephalogr 28(4):229–234
Small JG, Sharpley P, Small IF (1968) Positive spikes, spike-wave phantoms and psychomotor variants. Arch Gen Psychiatry 18:232–238
Smith WL, Philippus MJ, Guard HL (1968) Psychometric study of children with learning problems and 14–6 positive spike EEG patterns, treated with ethosuximide (Zarontin) and placebo. Arch Dis Child 43:616–619
Struve FA, Honigfeld A (1970) Routine electroencephalograms of psychiatric patients awake and asleep. Clin Electroencephalogr 1:80–283
Struve FA, Feigenbaum ZS, Farnum CD (1972) Prediction of 14 + 6/sec positive spikes in EEGs of psychiatric patients. Clin Electroencephalogr 3:60–64
Struve FA, Pike LE (1974) Routine admission electroencephalograms of adolescent and adult psychiatric patients awake and asleep. Clin Electroencephalogr 5:67–72
Struve FA (1977) Ramsey PP. Concerning the 14 and 6 per second positive spike cases in post-traumatic medical legal EEGs reported by Gibbs and Gibbs: a statistical commentary. Clin Electroencephalogr 8:203–205
Sullivan L (2010) Waveform window #16; 14 and 6 hertz positive spikes. Am J Electroneurodiagnostic Technol 50:67–72
Sullivan FW, Gentile K, Boelhouwer C (1963) Relationship of clinical symptomatology to abnormal EEG findings: a family study. Am J Psychiatry 124:554–559
Takahashi T (1966) Fourteen and six per second positive spikes—further consideration of its clinical significance. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn 20:181–194
Tasher DC, Gibbs EL, Unrath DM (1970) Electroencephalograms of patients in a maximal security hospital. Clin Electroencephalogr 1:101–110
Torres F, Ayers FW (1968) Evaluation of the electroencephalogram of dyslexic children. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 24:287 (Abstract)
Torres F, Faoro A, Loewenson R (1983) The electroencephalogram of elderly subjects revisited. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 56:391–398
Tsuzuki H (1967) The 14 and 6 per second positive spikes during paradoxical sleep. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn 21:181–188
Walker AE, Marshall C (1963) Depth recording of the 14 and 6 pattern. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 15:162–163
Walsa R (1968) Our experience with the 14 and 6/sec. spike activity. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 25:594
Wang PJ, Tseng CL, Lin LH, Lin MY, Shen YZ (1991) Analysis and clinical correlates of the 14 and 6 Hz positive electroencephalographic spikes in Chinese children. Acta Paed Sin 32:272–279
Wegner JT, Struve FA (1977) Incidence of the 14 and 6 per second positive spike pattern in an adult clinical population: an empirical note. J Nerv Ment Dis 164:340–345
Weisz R, Klem G, Henry C (1978) 6 and 14 Hz positive spikes—a predictable abnormality. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 45:28P
Wiener JM, Delano JG, Klass DW (1966) An EEG study of delinquent and non-delinquent adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 15:144–150
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Boutros, N.N. (2013). The 6–7 and 14 Positive Spikes. In: Standard EEG: A Research Roadmap for Neuropsychiatry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04444-6_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04444-6_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-04443-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-04444-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)