Abstract
This work presents a damage formulation applied to hyperelastic materials in order to capture the Mullins effect, observed in rubber-like materials and biological tissues. A mixed (u/p) formulation with a pressure projection procedure is used with the hp-FEM to overcome the volumetric locking. The isotropic damage model uses a scalar variable that evolves coupled with the maximum attained equivalent strain. This damage variable defines a stress reduction factor, which describes the softening behavior. Cyclic loading tests were performed to reproduce the Mullins effect. Convergence analyses were made for compressible and nearly-incompressible materials imposing smooth solutions. The results presented a spectral convergence rate for the p-refinement. In the case of near-incompressibility, the material showed locking-free characteristics.
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Notes
- 1.
In practical cases, there are small residual stresses, characterizing hysteresis. However, idealized models do not account for these stresses, as well as temperature and viscosity effects.
- 2.
For compressible materials with damage, the reduction factor \((1-D)\) of Eq. 97 is applied to W, rather than \(\bar{W}\).
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Suzuki, J.L., Bittencourt, M.L. (2016). Application of the hp-FEM for Hyperelastic Problems with Isotropic Damage. In: Muñoz-Rojas, P. (eds) Computational Modeling, Optimization and Manufacturing Simulation of Advanced Engineering Materials. Advanced Structured Materials, vol 49. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04265-7_6
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