Abstract
In the globalized world the transnational movement of people has increased, with the consequence that people have become more exposed to threats from various epidemic diseases. Not only have cholera, plague, and yellow fever reappeared but also Ebola, HIV, BSE, SARS, and recently avian flu have newly emerged in the world. Now swine flu too has become a threat to life.
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Notes
- 1.
This paper is based on a book written by the author: Ryukobyo no Kokusaitekikontororu Kokusaieiseikaigi no kenkyu The International Control of Epidemic Diseases, A Study of The International Sanitary Conferences 1851–1938, Tokyo: Kokusaishoin, 2010.
- 2.
There are not many other books or papers on the international sanitary conferences, these include O.P. Schepin and W.V. Yermakov, eds. 1991. International Quarantine, (Madison: International University Press) and S. Carvalho and M. Zacher. 2001. “The International Health Regulations in Historical Perspective,” in Plagues and Politics Infectious Disease and International Policy, ed. A.T. Price-Smith (New York: Palgrave).
- 3.
The formal name of the council of the Ottoman Empire was the Supreme Sanitary Council of Constantinople, and that of Egypt was the Sanitary Maritime and Quarantine Board of Egypt.
- 4.
The USA was also a member of the Sanitary Council of the Ottoman Empire.
- 5.
For example, cholera broke out in northern Egypt in 1902. The Ottoman Council decided that a ship coming from an infected area would submit to quarantine procedures for seven days. But the sultan, from fear of the disease, ordered a quarantine for twelve to fourteen days.
- 6.
Egypt took over the powers of the Egyptian Council in 1938.
- 7.
This conference was attended by physicians and diplomats and the diplomats had plenipotentiary powers. But after the deliberations of the expert commission were finished, the conference was adjourned and never reopened.
- 8.
The same was true of the Ottoman Council, though the reform of it was not successful.
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Nagata, N. (2014). International Control of Epidemic Diseases from a Historical and Cultural Perspective. In: Herren, M. (eds) Networking the International System. Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies on Asia and Europe in a Global Context. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04211-4_6
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