Abstract
Graphene in small platelets of high aspect ratio is available by chemical exfoliation of graphite, with a variety of methods and a long history. Graphite is a widely available mineral, at a cost between $1.50 and $2.00 per kg, according to “Mineral Commodity Summaries 2013” published by US Department of the Interior and US Geological Survey. (For comparison, the same source estimates indium metal at ~$650 /kg, with a separate estimate for indium tin oxide, ITO, that is deposited on glass to make the leading form of transparent conductor, as $800 /kg.) Typically, however, the exfoliation processes leave nano-platelets of only 100–500 nm lateral extent, single monolayer to tens of monolayers in thickness, with defects primarily, but not entirely, at the edges.
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Notes
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There is a possibility that introducing one of the intercalant metals like K (e.g., by heating the sample in K vapor in a closed cell) during or after the spin-coating step might substantially improve the conductivity. These platelets are so refractory that simple heating does not improve their electrical contact.).
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© 2014 Edward L. Wolf
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Wolf, E.L. (2014). Practical Productions of Graphene, Supply and Cost. In: Applications of Graphene. SpringerBriefs in Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03946-6_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03946-6_2
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