Abstract
The urinary system consists of a pair of kidneys, which remove substances from the blood, form urine, and help regulate various metabolic processes; a pair of tubular ureters, which transport urine away from the kidneys; a saclike urinary bladder, which serves as urine reservoir; and a tubular urethra, which conveys urine to the outside of the body.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Cotran AS, Kumar V, Collins T (2010) The kidney. In: Robbins pathologic basis of disease, 8th edn. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia
Safian SD, Textor SC (2001) Renal-artery stenosis. New Engl J Med 344:431–442
Martinez-Maldonado M (1991) Pathophysiology of renovascular hypertension. Hypertens 17:707–7199
Fine EJ, Sarkar SD (1989) Differential diagnosis and management of renovascular hypertension through nuclear medicine techniques. Semin Nucl Med 19:101–115
Hricik DE, Browning PJ, Kopelman R et al (1983) Captopril-induced functional renal insufficiency in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis or renal artery stenosis in a solitary kidney. N Engl J Med 308:373–376
Sarkar SD (1994) Captopril renography. Pocket lecture series. Society of Nuclear Medicine, Reston, Virginia.
Picciotto G, Sargiotto A, Petrarulo M et al (2003) Reliability of captopril renography in patients under chronic therapy with angiotensin II (AT1) receptor antagonists. J Nucl Med 44:1574–1581
Taylor A, Nally J, Mattias A et al (1996) Consensus report on ACE inhibitor renography for detecting renovascular hypertension. J Nucl Med 37:1876–1882
Mustafa S, Elgazzar A (2013) Effect of the NSAID Diclofenac on 99mTc-MAG3 and 99mTc-DTPA Renography. J Nucl Med 54:801–806
Ludwig V, Martin WH, Delbeke D (2003) Calcium channel blockers: a potential cause of false-positive captopril renography. Clin Nucl Med 28:108–112
Sarkar SD (1992) Diuretic renography: concepts and controversies. Urol Radiol 14:79–84
McCarthy CS, Sarkar SD, Izquierdo G et al (1994) Pitfalls and limitations of diuretic renography. Abdom Imaging 19:78–81
Pohl HG, Rushton HG, Park JS et al (2001) Early diuresis renogram findings predict success following pyeloplasty. J Urol 165:2311–2315
Gilman CM, Mooney KH (1998) Alteration of renal and urinary tract function in children. In: McCance KL, Huether SE (eds) Pathophysiology, 3rd edn. Mosby, Philadelphia, pp 1237–1287
Heyman S (1994) Radionuclide studies of the genitourinary tract. In: Miller J, Gelfand M (eds) Pediatric nuclear imaging. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 195–211
Fowler JE Jr, Stamey TA (1977) Studies of introital colonization in women with recurrent urinary tract infection: the role of bacterial adherence. J Urol 117:472
Kaefer M, Diamond D (1987) Vesicoureteral reflux. In: Retik A, Cukier J (eds) Pediatric urology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp 463–486
Solari V, Owen D, Puri P (2005) Association of transforming growth factor-beta1 gene polymorphism with reflux nephropathy. J Urol 174:1609–1611
Kanematsu A, Yamamoto S, Yoshino K, Ishitoya S, Terai A, Sugita Y, Ogawa O, Tanikaze S (2005) Renal scarring is associated with nonsecretion of blood type antigen in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 174:1594–1597
Dacher JN, Hitzel A, Avni FE, Vera P (2005) Imaging strategies in pediatric urinary tract infection. Eur Radiol 15:1283–1288
Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection, Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management (2011) Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics 128:595–610
National Institute for Heath and Clinical Ecellence (NICE) (2007) Clinical guideline 54 – Urinary tract infection in children. guidance.nice.org.uk/cg54
Ataei N, Madani A, Habibi R, Khorasani M (2005) Evaluation of acute pyelonephritis with DMSA scans in children presenting after the age of 5 years. Pediatr Nephrol 20:1439–1444
Georgaki-Angelaki H, Kostaridou S, Daikos GL, Kapoyiannis A, Veletzas Z, Michos AG, Syriopoulou VP (2005) Long-term follow-up of children with vesicoureteral reflux with and without antibiotic prophylaxis. Scand J Infect Dis 37:842–845
Ajdinovic B, Krstic Z, Dopuda M, Jaukovic L (2005) Renal scintigraphy in children with urinary tract. Vojnosanit Pregl 62:745–749
Zaki M, Badawi M, Al Mutari G, Ramadan D, Adul Rahman M (2005) Acute pyelonephritis and renal scarring in Kuwaiti children: a follow-up study using 99mTc DMSA renal scintigraphy. Pediatr Nephrol 20:1116–1119
Kirkpatrick CH (1987) Transplantation immunology. JAMA 258:2993–3000
Racusen LC, Solez K, Colvin RB et al (1999) The Banff 97 working classification of renal allograft pathology. Kidney Int 55:713–723
Randhawa PS, Tsamandas AC, Magnone M et al (1996) Microvascular changes in renal allografts associated with FK506 (tacrolimus) therapy. Am J Surg Pathol 20:306–312
Report of the International Reflux Study Committee (1981) J Urol 125:277–283.
Rodriguez MM (2004) Developmental renal pathology: its past, present and future. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 23:211–229
Penido Silva JM, Oloveira EA, Diniz JS et al (2005) Clinical course of prenatally detected primary vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Nephrol 21:86–91
Schlussel R (2005) Imaging studies after a first febrile urinary tract infection in young children. Curr Urol Rep 6:131–132
Schwentner C, Oswald J, Lunacek A, Fritsch H, Deibl M, Bartsch G, Radmayr C (2005) Loss of interstitial cells of cajal and gap junction protein connexin 43 at the vesicoureteral junction in children with vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 174:1981–1986
Kopac M, Kenig A, Kljucevsek D, Kenda RB (2005) Indirect voiding urosonography for detecting vesicoureteral reflux in children. Pediatr Nephrol 20:1285–1287
Charbonneau SG, Tackett LD, Gray EH, Caesar RE, Caldamone AA (2005) Is long-term sonographic follow up necessary after uncomplicated ureteral reimplantation in children? J Urol 174:1429–1431
Giel DW, Noe HN, Williams MA (2005) Ultrasound screening of asymptomatic siblings of children with vesicoureteral reflux: a long-term followup study J Urol 174:1602–1604.
Muschat M (1932) The pathological anatomy of testicular torsion: explanation of its mechanism. Surg Gynec Obstet 54:758–763
Allan WR, Brown RB (1966) Torsion of the testes: a review of 58 cases. Br Med J 1:1396–1397
Scorer CG, Farrington GH (1971) Congenital deformities of testis and epididymis, 1st edn. Butterworth, London
Corriere JN (1972) Horizontal lie of the testicle: a diagnostic sign and torsion of the testis. J Urol 107:616–617
Skoglund RW, McRoberts JW, Ragde H (1970) Torsion of testicular appendages: presentation of 43 new cases and collective review. J Urol 104:598–600
Rencken RK, Duplessis DJ, De Haas LS (1990) Venous infarction of the testes – a cause of non-response to conservative therapy in epididymo-orchitis: a case report. S Afr Med J 78:337–338
Kogan SJ (1991) Acute and chronic scrotal swellings. In: Gillenwalter JY (ed) Adult and pediatric urology, 2nd edn. Mosby Year book, Chicago
Frush DP, Babcock DS, Lewis AG et al (1995) Comparison of color Doppler sonography and radionuclide imaging in the evaluation of torsion of the testes in the rabbit. Acad Radiol 2:945–951
Luker GD, Siegel MJ (1994) Color Doppler sonography of the scrotum in children. Am J Roentgenol 163:649–655
Herbener TE (1996) Ultrasound in the assessment of the acute scrotum. J Clin Ultrasound 24:405–421
Patriquin HB, Yazbeck S, Trinh B et al (1993) Testicular torsion in infants and children: diagnosis with Doppler sonography. Radiology 188:781–785
Olguner M, Akgur FM, Aktug T, Derebek E (2000) Bilateral asynchronous perinatal testicular torsion: a case report. J Pediatr Surg 35:1348–1349
Klin B, Zlotkevich L, Horne T, Efrati Y, Serour F, Lotan G (2002) Epididymitis in childhood: a clinical retrospective study over 5 years. Isr Med Assoc J 3:833–835
Lavallee ME, Cash J (2005) Testicular torsion: evaluation and management. Curr Sports Med Rep 4:102–104
Hormann M, Balassy C, Philipp MO, Pumberger W (2004) Imaging of the scrotum in children. Eur Radiol 14:974–983, Stav K, Zisman A, Leibovici D, Sandbank J, Lindner A. (2003). Acute epididymitis Harefuah.;142:451–455
Frush DP, Sheldon CA (1998) Diagnostic imaging for pediatric scrotal disorders. Radiographics 18:969–985
Yuan Z, Luo Q, Chen L, Zhu J, Zhu R (2002) Clinical study of scrotum scintigraphy in 49 patients with acute scrotal pain: a comparison with ultrasonography. Ann Nucl Med 15:225–229
Paltiel HJ, Connolly LP, Atala A, Paltiel AD, Zurakowski D, Treves ST (1998) Acute scrotal symptoms in boys with an indeterminate clinical presentation: comparison of color Doppler sonography and scintigraphy. Radiology 207:223–231
Wu HC, Sun SS, Kao A, Chuang FJ, Lin CC, Lee CC (2002) Comparison of radionuclide imaging and ultrasonography in the differentiation of acute testicular torsion and inflammatory testicular disease. Clin Nucl Med 27:490–493
Saha GB (2010) Fundamentals of nuclear pharmacy, 6th edn. Springer, Berlin
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Elgazzar, A.H. (2014). Genitourinary System. In: Synopsis of Pathophysiology in Nuclear Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03458-4_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03458-4_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-03457-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-03458-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)