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The Galapagos Marine Reserve pp 23–59Cite as

Elasmobranchs of the Galapagos Marine Reserve

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Abstract

The Galapagos Marine Reserve is home to at least 50 species of sharks and rays. Although these species are protected in the marine reserve, they are vulnerable to industrial fishing outside the protected waters, to unintentional bycatch by local fishers inside the reserve, and to illegal fishing. Our knowledge of shark ecology in Galapagos has increased dramatically in the last decade, due to the creation of an interinstitutional research program, which focuses on the spatial ecology of hammerhead and whale sharks. Hammerheads are resident at restricted locations where they school during the day and disperse to sea most nights. Alternatively, mostly large, pregnant female whale sharks visit the northern islands from June through November for only a few days, as part of a large-scale migration.

Longline fishing studies have shed light on the distribution of sharks and their vulnerability to this fishing method. A juvenile shark monitoring program has been created. Scientists have attempted to model changes in shark populations since the creation of the marine reserve. A diver-based census of sharks has been implemented at key sites. The establishment of a regional network, MigraMar, has enabled us to determine connectivity of sharks and mantas between Galapagos and other areas.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge other key scientists who have worked to further our understanding of elasmobranch ecology in the GMR: Eduardo Espinoza, M.Sc., and Yasmania Llerena, B.Sc., both of the Galapagos National Park Service, and Prof. A.P. Klimley of the University of California Davis.

Special thanks to the Galapagos National Park Directorate for their active role as partners of this research project and to the captains and crews of their vessels MV Sierra Negra and MV Guadalupe River.

The authors would also like to thank the captains and crews of FM Arrecife (Tito Franco) and MV Queen Mabel (Eduardo Rosero), all of whom engaged actively in shark-tagging activities during research cruises.

Much of the research cited in this chapter was carried out by the Galapagos Shark Research Program by tri-institutional agreement between the Galapagos National Park Service, the Charles Darwin Foundation, and the University of California Davis, with the participation of Stanford University. The authors wish to thank all institutions for access to cruise reports, dissertations, project reports, and other documents, which were used in writing this chapter.

Thanks also to Juan Carlos Murillo, Scott Henderson, Eliecer Cruz, Priscilla Martinez, Stuart Banks, Roberto Pepolas, Julio Delgado, Patricia Zarate, German Soler, Randall Arauz, Hector Guzman, Sandra Bessudo, Todd Steiner, Ilena Zanella, Simon Pierce, Juerg Brunnschweiler, Giles Winstanley, Katherine Burgess, Maria-Gloria Landazuri, and Chris Rohner.

Elasmobranch research in the GMR was supported by Conservation International, WWF-Galapagos, Lindblad Expeditions, George and Kimberly Rapier Charitable Trust, Galapagos Conservation Trust, Senescyt, Galapagos Conservancy, the Oak Foundation, and Swiss Friends of Galapagos.

Additional Galapagos Satellite tagging efforts by Stanford University during the 2006 shark-tagging cruise were generously supported by the Marisla Foundation.

Manta ray research in Ecuador was conducted by Proyecto Mantas Ecuador, a project of NAZCA, with funding from the Save Our Seas Foundation and support from the Marine Megafauna Foundation

Visual census data for nearshore GMR sites were provided by the Charles Darwin Foundation subtidal ecological monitoring program (1994–2012). UCMEXUS-CONACYT supported JTK during the course of his work at the Galapagos Islands.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Turtle Island Restoration Network, Forest Knolls, CA, USA

    Alex R. Hearn

  2. Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador

    Alex R. Hearn, David Acuña, Cesar Peñaherrera & Jonathan Green

  3. Biotelemetry Laboratory, Department Wildlife Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA

    Alex R. Hearn

  4. Biotelemetry Laboratory, Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA

    James T. Ketchum

  5. Pelagios-Kakunjá, A.C., La Paz, BCS, México

    James T. Ketchum

  6. Institute of Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia

    Cesar Peñaherrera

  7. Proyecto Mantas Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador

    Andrea Marshall & Michel Guerrero

  8. Marine Megafauna Foundation, Oakley, CA, USA

    Andrea Marshall

  9. Tag-A-Giant Fund, The Ocean Foundation, Pacific Grove, CA, USA

    George Shillinger

  10. Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA

    George Shillinger

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Correspondence to Alex R. Hearn .

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  1. Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador

    Judith Denkinger

  2. Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador

    Luis Vinueza

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Hearn, A.R. et al. (2014). Elasmobranchs of the Galapagos Marine Reserve. In: Denkinger, J., Vinueza, L. (eds) The Galapagos Marine Reserve. Social and Ecological Interactions in the Galapagos Islands. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02769-2_2

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