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Statistics of Lagrangian Transport Reveals Hidden Features of Velocity Fields

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Preventive Methods for Coastal Protection

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Abstract

The potential of the systematic use of Lagrangian trajectories to identify normally hidden properties and semi-persistent patterns of the dynamics of surface currents is analysed and tested for the Gulf of Finland and the south-western Baltic Sea. These patterns are highlighted using statistical analysis of a large number of Lagrangian trajectories constructed by using horizontal velocity fields in the uppermost layer generated by three-dimensional circulation models. The evaluation of environmental risks and the identification of patterns of rapid Lagrangian transport rely on a specific discretization of the direct problem of the propagation of passive tracers. This discretization contains several time scales and other parameters, the optimum choice of which is analysed based on examples from the Gulf of Finland. It is shown how the dependence of the overall ratio of net and bulk transport can be used for highlighting the nature of the surface dynamics. Semi-persistent patterns of net transport are identified for the Gulf of Finland using the Rossby Centre Ocean Model (RCO) velocity fields and the offline trajectory model TRACMASS for the time period 1987–1991. Rapid transport pathways are mostly aligned along certain coastal segments but pathways across the gulf are evident in transitional months (March–May and August–October). The results are applicable for estimates of the transport of neutrally buoyant substances in the uppermost layer of the sea.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    We use here Baltic Proper to denote the open part of the Baltic Sea, consisting of the Northern Gotland Basin, Eastern Gotland Basin, Bornholm Basin and Gdańsk Bay; see Fig. 2.1 in Chap. 2 (Leppäranta and Myrberg 2009).

  2. 2.

    See Chaps. 2–6 for a definition of this measure and for the discussion of its role in the dynamics.

  3. 3.

    The nature and properties of Ekman transport are presented in more detail in Chap. 2, Sect. 2.3.5.

  4. 4.

    The notion of synoptic motions is used in meteorology to denote weather systems ranging in size from several hundred kilometers to several thousand kilometres. The relevant (synoptic) scale is understood as the scale of migratory high and low pressure systems and is characterized by the so-called baroclinic (internal) Rossby radius. After the discovery of offshore synoptic vortices in the ocean in the 1970s, this notion has been extended to describe the typical scales of such vortices (frequently called mesoscale eddies) and associated phenomena in different water bodies. See, for example, Cushman-Roisin and Beckers (2011) or Chaps. 2 and 6.

  5. 5.

    The inflow and outflow conditions are defined in Lu et al. (2012) as certain patterns of atmospheric forcing and are not directly related with the direction of flow in the Danish Straits.

  6. 6.

    A deeper treatment of the Eulerian and Lagrangian specifications of the flow is presented in Chap. 7. For further information we recommend classical sources such as Batchelor (1973), Lamb (1994).

  7. 7.

    It is, however, equally unwise to trace the trajectories during very long time intervals as short-living patterns will be smoothed out and the properties of the tracked items or substances eventually will change.

  8. 8.

    Here we have in mind patterns of currents or transport that are directly related neither to single synoptic eddies, particular events of coastal (or otherwise topographically controlled) jet currents nor to the mean circulation in the particular basin.

  9. 9.

    The long-term average of this rate becomes explicitly evident below as the long-term average probability of coastal hits for the entire basin, see Chap. 10.

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Acknowledgements

The presented results were obtained in the framework of the BalticWay project, which was supported jointly by the funding from the Estonian Science Foundation and the European Commission’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7 2007–2013) under grant agreement No. 217246 made with the joint Baltic Sea research and development programme BONUS. The follow-up research was partially supported by the Estonian Science Foundation (grant No. 9125), targeted financing by the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (grant SF0140007s11), and by the European Regional Development Fund via support to the Centre of Excellence for Non-linear Studies CENS.

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  1. Wave Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Cybernetics at Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 21, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia

    Tarmo Soomere

  2. Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130, Tallinn, Estonia

    Tarmo Soomere

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  1. Inst. Cybernetics, Laboratory of Wave Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 21, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia

    Tarmo Soomere

  2. Inst. Cybernetics, Laboratory of Wave Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia Tee 21, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia

    Ewald Quak

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Soomere, T. (2013). Statistics of Lagrangian Transport Reveals Hidden Features of Velocity Fields. In: Soomere, T., Quak, E. (eds) Preventive Methods for Coastal Protection. Springer, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00440-2_9

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