Abstract
What is striking about Linden’s (Linden et al. 2007) description of what he has labeled “posttraumatic embitterment disorder (PTED)” is the resonances it has with the impact of political conflict in Northern Ireland.
The work report here was made possible by the generous financial support of the the Templeton Foundation, the Russell Sage Foundation, the Economic and Social Research Council (UK) and the Equality Directorate Research Branch, Office of the First Minister & Deputy First Minister (NI). We would also like to acknowledge the editorial assistance of Angela Brown.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Barnes LP (2005) Was the Northern Ireland conflict religious? J Contemp Relig 20(1):55–69
Cairns E, Roe M (eds) (2003) The role of memory in ethnic conflict. Palgrave Macmillan, London
Chirot D (2001) Theories of nationalism and ethnic conflict: An introduction. In: Chirot D, Seligman M (eds) Ethnopolitical warfare: causes, consequences, and possible solutions. American Psychological Association, Washington, pp 3–27
Cloke K (1993) Revenge, forgiveness and the magic of mediation, Mediat Quart 11:67–78
Darby J (1983) Northern Ireland: The background to the conflict. Appletree Press, Belfast
Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety (2006) Protect life: A shared vision. The Northern Ireland suicide prevention strategy and action plan 2006-2011. October 2006
Distinctiveness Working Group, PEACE II Monitoring Committee (2007) EU Programme For Peace And Reconciliation In Northern Ireland And The Border Region Of Ireland 2000-2006 Attitudinal Survey. A NISRA report for the DISTINCTIVENESS WORKING GROUP, PEACE II MONITORING COMMITTEE
Enright R, The Human Development Study Group (1991) The moral development of forgiveness. In: Kurtines W, Gewirtz J (eds) Handbook of moral behavior and Development. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 123–152
Enright RD, Coyle C (1994) Researching the process model of forgiveness within psychological interventions. In: Worthington EL Jr (ed) Dimensions of forgiveness: Psychological research and theological perspectives. Templeton Foundation Press, Radnor, pp 139–161
Enright RD, Freedman S, Rique J (1998) The psychology of interpersonal forgiveness. In: Enright RD, North J (eds) Exploring forgiveness. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, pp 46–63
Gilligan C (2006) Traumatised by peace? A critique of five assumptions in the theory and practice of conflict-related trauma policy in Northern Ireland. Policy and Politics 34(2):325–345
Halling S (1994) Shame and forgiveness. Humanist Psychol 22:74–87
Hewstone M, Cairns E, Voci A, McLernon F, Niens U, Noor M (2004) Intergroup forgiveness and guilt in Northern Ireland: Social psychological dimensions of “The Troubles”. In: Branscombe NR, Doosje B (eds) Collective guilt: International perspectives. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 193–215
Hewstone M, Cairns E, Voci A, Paolini S, McLernon F, Crisp R, Niens U, Craig J (2005) Intergroup contact in a divided society: Challenging segregation in Northern Ireland. In: Abrams D, Marques JM, Hogg MA (eds) The social psychology of inclusion and exclusion. Psychology Press, Philadelphia
Hewstone M, Cairns E, Voci A, Hamberger J, Niens U (2006) Intergroup contact, forgiveness, and experience of “The Troubles” in Northern Ireland. J Soc Iss 62:99–120
Holmgren MR (1993) Forgiveness and the intrinsic value of persons. Am Philosoph Quart 30:341–352
Linden M, Baumann K, Rotter M, Shippan B (2007) The Psychopathology of posttraumatic embitterment disorders psychopathology 40:159–165
Linden M, Baumann K, Lieberei B, Rotter M (2009) The post-traumatic embitterment disorder self-rating scale (PTED Scale). Clin Psychol Psychotherapy 16(2):139–147
Mac Ginty R, Muldoon O, Ferguson N (2007) No war, no peace: Northern Ireland afer the Agreement. Political Psychology, vol 28, no 1
McCullough ME, Bellah CG, Kilpatrick SD, Johnson JL (2001) Vengefulness: Relationships with forgiveness, rumination, well-being, and the Big Five. Personal Soc Psychol Bull 27:601–610
McCullough ME, Pargament KI, Thoresen CE (2000) The frontiers of forgiveness: Seven directions for psychological research and practice. In: McCullough ME, Pargament KI, Thoresen CE (eds) Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice. Guilford, New York, pp 1–14
McCullough ME, Worthington EL, Rachal KC (1997) Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. J Personal Soc Psychol 73:321–336
McGrellis S (2005) Pure and bitter spaces: Gender, identity and territory in Northern Irish youth transitions. Gender Educ 17(5):515–529
McKittrick D, Kelters S, Feeney B, Thornton C (1999) Lost Lives: The stories of the men, women and children who died as a result of the Northern Ireland Troubles. Mainstream Publishing, London
McLernon F, Cairns E, Hewstone M (2002) Views on forgiveness in Northern Ireland. Peace Rev 14:285–290
Montville JV (1993) The healing function of conflict resolution. In: Sandole DJD, Van der Merwe H (eds) Conflict resolution: Theory and practice. Manchester University Press, New York, pp 112–128
Myers E, Hewstone M, Cairns E (2009) Impact of Conflict on Mental Health: The Mediating Role of Intergroup Forgiveness and Collective Guilt. Political Psychology, 30(2):269–290
Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Northern Ireland Census 2001. Key Statistics. Belfast: NISRA, 2002
O’Reilly D, Stevenson M (2003) Mental health in Northern Ireland: have “the Troubles” made it worse? J Epidemiol Community Health 57:488–492
Roe MD, Pegg W, Hodges K, Trimm RA (1999) Forgiving the other side: Social identity and ethnic memories in Northern Ireland. In: Harrington JP, Mitchell E (eds) Politics and performance in contemporary Northern Ireland. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, pp 122–156
Witvliet CVO, Phipps KA, Feldman KA, Beckman JC (2004) Posttraumatic mental and physical health correlates of forgiveness an religious coping in military veterans. J Traumatic Stress 17:269–273
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag Wien
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cairns, E., Hewstone, M. (2011). 4.4 Embitterment and Forgiveness in the context of the Confict in Northern Ireland. In: Linden, M., Maercker, A. (eds) Embitterment. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-99741-3_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-99741-3_18
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-211-99740-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-211-99741-3
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)