Abstract
Raw materials mark the beginning of a value-added chain. In times of increasing globalization their availability is a precondition for prosperity, productivity and development of a country’s economy. Raw materials have always been needed for many purposes. Global demand had its origin in the Bronze and Iron Ages and increased exponentially during the Industrial Revolution in the 19th Century. Worldwide demand for raw materials rapidly increased in the 20th Century, caused by the explosive growth of the world population and global economic productivity. In the 21st Century, the information and computer age, the demand for raw materials remains on a high level. Modern jet airlines, automobiles, and mobile phones require a comprehensive cocktail of innumerable raw materials.
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In particular, conferring to the mining of ores: cp. Gocht (1983), l.c., p. 2. Also: Wagner, M, Huy, D. (2005): Schafft der Strukturwandel in der Nachfrage eine neue Dimension für die Weltrohstoffmärkte, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe [ Does the structural change in demand accomplish a new dimension to the world raw materials markets? Federal Institute for Geosciences and Raw Materials], Hannover, p. 2: From the discovery of an ore deposit to production, at least 5 years for planning and construction have to be calculated.
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Ibid.
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Cp. The following situation reported by the Presse (Austrian journal), October 2008, p.21: the stock of RHI, a corporation producing refractory products mainly for the steel, cement and glass industries, has depreciated in the wake of the financial crisis of autumn 2008 (after the boom in May 2008 of just under € 34, the RHI share on Oct. 29 was € 12,50), though the company rises extensively (Presse, Oct.29, 2008). The outlook for 2009 was less optimistic: The steel industry reduced its production significantly; further development would depend on employment in the automotive, construction and engineering sector. The growth rates of 2008 will not continue. (Presse, 29.10.2008).
This raises also the issue of investment security. Cp. Tiess, G. (2011): Legal basics of Mineral Policy in Europe, Wien: The validity of the exploration and exploitation permission is essential and standard of a modern mining law.
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Ibid.
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Ibid.
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Cp. u.a. Müller-Ohlsen, L. (1981): Die Weltwirtschaft im industriellen Entwicklungs-prozess. Kieler Studien, Tübingen: (World economy in the industrial development process. Kiel Studies, Tübingen): Studies on the relationship between per capita consumption of non-ferrous metals and the degree of industrialization have shown good correlation values. — Cp. also figures presented in Chapter 3.
Nötstaller/ Wagner (2007), l.c., p. 385f.
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In addition: Bundesministerium für Handel, Gewerbe und Industrie (Austrian Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry) (1981), l.c., p.27.
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Bundesministerium für Handel, Gewerbe und Industrie (Austrian Ministry of Commerce, Trade and Industry) (1981), l.c., p. 15. Cp. also Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (RWI Essen), Trends der Angebots-und Nachfragesituation bei mineralischen Rohstoffen, Essen, Methode zur Festlegung der kritischen Rohstoffe des Landes Deutschland (Rhine-Westphalian Institute for Economic Research, Trends in supply and demand situation for mineral resources, Essen, p.34f: method of determining the critical resources of Germany.)
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See above: Location boundness, unequal distribution and exhaustibility of deposits. Cp. also: Härtung, M. (2007): Rohstoffe und Bergbau — Positionen und Perspektiven, Bergbau: Zeitschrift für Rohstoffgewinnung, Energie, Umwelt (Raw materials and mining — positions and perspectives, Journal of Raw Material Extraction, Energy, Environment), pp. 486–490.
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Meanwhile three international conferences to the topic “Sustainable Development Indicators in the Mineral Industry (SDIMI) were held: SDIMI 2003 in Milos/Greece, SDIMI 2005 in Aachen/Germany and SDIMI 2007 again in Milos. In SDIMI 2003 the so-called Milos Declaration was resolved, quoted in the Proceedings SDIMI in 2007, XV, “A statement of commitment to a sustainable future through the use of scientific, technical, educational and research skills and knowlegde in minerals extraction and utilzation”. At the last two conferences the author made important contributions jointly with H. Wagner, S. Šolar, K. Nielsen: SDIMI 2005: Minerals planning policies in Europe; SDIMI 2007: National minerals policy practices: key to minerals supply in Europe.
Müller, W.; Werthebach, E.; Schäfer, V. (2000): Rohstoffversorgung und technologischer Fortschritt: Grundelemente einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung in unserer Gesellschaft (Raw materials supply and technological progress: basic elements of sustainable development in our society), Bergbau, pp. 546–548, 550–554.
Cp. Antrekowitsch, H.: (2006), Sustainable Technologies in Metal Production and Processing, Berg-und hüttenmännische Monatshefte (Journal of Mining, Metallurgical, Material, Geotechnical and Planned Engineering), pp. 266–269
Cp. BDI (2007), l.c., p. 17.
Cp. Antrekowitsch, H.; Biedermann, H.; Buchmayr, B.; Ebner, F.; Eichlseder, W.; Harmuth, H.; Kepplinger, W.; Kessler, F.; Krieger, W.; Lorber, K.; Ludwig, A. (2006): Universitärer Forschungscluster “Sustainable Technologies in Metal Production and Processing” (STMP), in: Berg-und hüttenmännische Monatshefte (Journal of Mining, Metallurgical, Material, Geotechnical and Planned Engineering), pp. 263–265.
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Kugler, M. (2008): Innovation: Fliegende Materialien, Materialcluster Leoben, Neuartige Werkstoffe wie Titan-Aluminide ermöglichen Dinge, die bisher undenkbar waren (Innovation: Flying materials. The Materialcluster Leoben, Novel materials such as titanium aluminides enable things that were previously unthinkable), Die Presse (Austrian Journal http://diepresse.com/), 10.9.2008.
Kugler (2008), Innovation: Fliegende Materialien, Materialcluster Leoben, Neuartige Werkstoffe wie Titan-Aluminide ermöglichen Dinge, die bisher undenkbar waren (Innovation: Flying materials. The Materialcluster Leoben, Novel materials such as titanium aluminides enable things that were previously unthinkable), Die Presse (Austrian Journal http://diepresse.com/), 10.9.2008 l.c., quotes Professor Clemens, materials researcher at the University of Leoben, Styria, including Materialcluster).
Innovation: Fliegende Materialien, Materialcluster Leoben, Neuartige Werkstoffe wie Titan-Aluminide ermöglichen Dinge, die bisher undenkbar waren (Innovation: Flying materials. The Materialcluster Leoben, Novel materials such as titanium aluminides enable things that were previously unthinkable), Die Presse (Austrian Journal http://diepresse.com/), 10.9.2008 Ibid: Meanwhile in simulations the crystal structures of metals can be calculated. Alloy elements can be inserted into the computer programme and predict the qualities of the material. (Clemens).
Cp. Prillhofer, R., Prillhofer, B., Antrekowitsch, H. (2008): Verwertung von Reststoffen beim Aluminium-Recycling (utilization of rest materials with the aluminum recycling), Berg-und hüttenmännische Monatshefte (Journal of Mining, Metallurgical, Material, Geotechnical and Planned Engineering), p. 103–108.
http://www.wasteonline.org.uk/resources/InformationSheets/metals.htm. Cp. also Seebacher, H.; Sunk, W.; Antrekowitsch, H. (2006): Recycling von Aluminium in der Automobilindustrie, Fachzeitschrift der Aluminium-Industrie (Journal of the aluminum industry; international journal for industry, research and application, Recycling of aluminum in the automobile industry), p. 24–31.
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Tiess, G. (2011). Introduction. In: General and International Mineral Policy. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89005-9_1
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