Abstract
Caffeine is a natural constituent of more than 60 plant species and as such is present in the human diet through drinks based on plant extracts. It has also been used as a flavoring agent in food (baked goods, dairy desserts, puddings and fillings, candy) and beverages (Dr. Pepper, Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola, Royal Crown Cola) and also in a variety of over-the-counter pharmaceuticals (1). In such pharmaceuticals, caffeine is present in combination with drugs used as stimulants, pain relievers, diuretics, cold remedies, weight control products, bronchial and cardiac stimulants as well as in drugs for the treatment of acne and other skin disorders. The pharmaceutical properties of caffeine described in this report explain its use in these drugs. These multiple sources of caffeine reflect the human search and interest for psychotropic drugs and stimulants from the plant world.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
J. J. Barone and H. Roberts, in: Caffeine. P. B. Dews (Ed) Springer–Verlag, pp. 59–73 (1984).
L. Medicus: Liebigs Ann. Chem. 175, 230–251 (1875).
M. Sivetz N. W. Desrosier, in: Coffee Technology, Avi Publishing Company Inc. Westport, Connecticut, pp. 620 (1979)
H. Bothe H. K. Cammenga: Ninth Int. Colloquium on the Science and Technology of Coffee. 135–144 (1980)
M. Windholz, S. Bundavari, R. F. Blumetti E. S. Otterbein (Eds), in: The Merck Index, Tenth Edition Rahway: Merck and Co. Inc. pp. 225–226 (1983)
W. N. Hartley: J. Chem. Soc. 87, 1796–1822 (1905).
E. Sondheimer, F. Covitz and M. J. Marquisee: Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 93, 63–71 (1961).
L. F. Cavalieri, J. J. Fox, A. Stone N. Chang: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76, 1119–1122 (1954).
I. Horman and B. Dreux: Helv. Chim. Acta, 67, 754–764 (1984).
A. L. Thakkar, L. G. Tensmeyer, R. B. Hermann and W. L. Wilham: J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 9, 524–525 (1970).
POP Ts’O, I. S. Melvin A. C. Olson: J. Chem. Soc. 85, 1289–1296 (1963
K. Gorter: Ann. 358, 327–348 (1907).
K. Gorter: Ann. 359, 217–244 (1908).
I. Horman and R. Viani: J. Food Sci. 37, 925–927 (1972).
R. Martin, T. H. Lilley, N. A. Bailey, C. P. Falshaw, E. Haslam, D. Magnolato and M. J. Begley: J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 105–106 (1986).
A. T. Tu and J. A. Reinosa: Biochemistry 5, 3375–3383 (1966).
A. T. Tu and C. G. Friedrich: Biochem. J. 7, 4367–4372 (1968).
T. E. Chvasta and A. R. Cook: Gastroenterology 61, 838–843 (1971).
V. Marks and J. F. Kelly: Lancet 1, 827 (1973).
J. Blanchard and S. J. A. Sawers: Eur. J. Clin. Pharmac. 24, 93–98 (1983).
M. Bonati, R. Latini, F. Galletti, J. F. Young, G. Tognoni and S. Garattini: Clin. Pharm. Ther. 32, 98–106 (1982).
J. Axelrod and J. Reichental: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 107, 519–523 (1953).
M. J. Arnaud and C. Welsch: Ninth Int. Colloquium on the Science and Technology of Coffee, London 385–396 (1980).
M. J. Arnaud C. Welsch, in: Theophylline and other Methylxanthines, N. Rietbrock, B. G. Woodcock A. H. Staib Eds., Friedr. Vieweg and Sohn, pp. 135–148 (1982)
D. Robertson C. R. Smith: Manual of Clinical Pharmacology. Balti-more: Williams and Wilkins; 292–294, 330 (1981)
A. Darragh, M. Kenny, R. F. Lambe and D. A. O’Kelly: Irish J. Med. Sei. (Dublin) 150, 47–53 (1981).
F. Grab, in: Factors Influencing the Absorption of Caffeine, University Microfilms Ltd. High Wycomb, England. Xerox Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 2–110 (1968)
M. J. Arnaud : Proceeding of the Toxicology Forum, Aspen, Colorado pp. 234–243 (1983)
M. J. Arnaud: J. Pharm. Clin. 4, 2, 259–268 (1985).
L. S. Schanker, P. A. Shore, B. B. Brodie and C. A. M. Hogben: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 120, 528–539 (1957).
G. Levy and R. M. Reuning: J. pharm. Sci. 53, 1471–1475 (1964).
A. Burg and E. Werner: Biochem. Pharmac. 21, 923–936 (1972).
S. M. Somani, N. N. Khanna and S. M. Bada: J. Pediatr. 96, 1091–1093 (1980).
T. Türmen, T. A. Louridas and J. V. Aranda: J. Pediatr. 95, 644–646 (1979).
M. Bonati and S. Garattini, in: Caffeine, P. B. Dews (Ed) Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 48–56 (1984).
L. J. Broughton and H. J. Rogers: Br. J. Clin. Pharmac. 12, 155–159 (1981).
D. C. May, C. H. Jarboe, A. B. van Bakel and W. M. Williams: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 31, 656–661, 1982.
J. V. Aranda, C. E. Cook, W. Gorman, J. M. Collinge, P. M. Loughnan, E. W. Outerbridge, A. Aldridge and A. H. Neims: J. Pediatr. 94, 663–668 (1979).
M. Riechert, G. Lipowsky, H. Stockl and H. Stiegler: Monatsschr. Kinderheilkd. 129, 697–702 (1981).
R. Corodischer and M. Karplus: Eur. J. Clin. Pharmac. 22, 47–52 (1982).
W. D. Parsons and A. H.Neims: J. Pediatr. 98, 640–641 (1981).
J. V. Aranda, J. M. Collinge, R. Zinman and G. Watters: Arch. Dis. Child. 54, 946–949 (1979).
M.J. Arnaud A. Aldridge, J. V. Aranda A. H. Neims: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 25, 447–453 (1979)
JC. Le Guennec B. Billon: Pediatrics 79, 264–268 (1987)
R. V. Patwardhan, P. V. Desmond, R. F. Johnson and S. Schenker: J. Lab. clin. Med. 95, 603–608 (1980).
J. Blanchard: J. pharm. Sci. 71, 1415–1418 (1982).
H. D. Christensen, C. V. Manion O. R. Kling, in: Drug Metabolism of the Immature Human. L. F. Soyka G. P. Redmond Eds. Raven Press pp. 163–181 (1981)
D. Warszawski, Z. Ben-Zvi R. Gorodischer: Isr. J. med. Sci. 16, 618 (1980)
D. Warszawski, Z. Ben-Zvi, R. Gorodischer, M. J. Arnaud I. Bracco: Drug Metab. Dispos. 10, 424–428 (1982)
A. Aldridge, J. V. Aranda and A. Neims: Pharmacologist 20, 263 (1978).
R. Gorodischer, E. Zmora, Z. Ben-Zvi, D. Warszawski, A. Yaari, S. Sofer M. J. Arnaud: Eur. J. clin. Pharmac. 31, 497–499 (1986)
P. Hart, G. C. Farrell, W. G. E. Cooksley and L. W. Powell: Br. med. J. 2, 147–149 (1976).
W. D. Parsons and A. H. Neims: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 24, 40–45 (1978).
J. Descotes, J. L. Brazier, M. Ollagnier and J. C. Evreux: Thérapie 34, 619–624 (1979).
M. J. Arnaud, H. Wietholtz, M. Voegelin, J. Bircher R. Preisig, in: Microsomes Drug Oxidation and Drug Toxicity, R. Sato (ed) Wiley Interscience, NY., pp. 443–444 (1982)
H. Wietholtz, M. Voegelin, M. J. Arnaud, J. Bircher and R. Preisig: Verh. Dt. Ges. Inn. Med. 87, 895–900 (1981).
A. N. Kotake, D. A. Schoeller, G. H. Lambert, A. L. Baker, D. D. Schaffer and H. Josephs: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 32, 261–269 (1982).
H. S. Fraser, O. Y. Dotson, C. Howard, G. A. C. Grell I. Knight: West Indian med. J. 32, 207–211 (1983)
M. M. Callahan, R. S. Robertson, A. R. Branfman, M. F. McComish and D. W. Yesair: Drug Metab. Dispos. 11, 211–217 (1983).
A. H. Neims, J. Bailey and A. Aldridge: Clin. Res. 27, A236 (1979).
A. Aldridge, J. Bailey and A. H. Neims: Semin. Perinatol. 5, 310–314 (1981).
R. Knutti, H. Rothweiler and C. Schlatter: Eur. J. Clin. Pharmac. 21, 121–126 (1981).
R. Knutti, H. Rothweiler and C. Schlatter: Arch. Toxic. Suppl. 5, 187–192 (1982).
W. D. Parsons and J. G. Pelletier: Can. med. Ass. J. 127, 377–380 (1982).
K. Nakazawa, H. Tanaka and M. J. Arima: Pharmacobio-Dyn. 8, 151–160 (1985).
Ch. Schlatter : Fourth Int. Caffeine Workshop, Athens (1982)
C. P. Bianchi: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 138, 41–47 (1962).
A. Goldstein and R. Warren: Biochem. Pharmac. 11, 166–168 (1962).
R. Maickel and W. Snodgrass: Toxic, appl., Pharmac. 26, 218–230 (1973).
H. Tanaka, K. Nakazawa, M. Arima and S. Iwasaki: Brain Dev. 6, 355–361 (1984).
S. M. Somani N. N. Khanna, in: Drug Metabolism of the Immature Human. L. F. Soyka G. P. Redmond, Eds. Raven Press pp. 199–215(1981)
M. J. Arnaud, I. Bracco and C. Welsch: Pediatr. Res. 16, 167–171 (1982).
M. J. Arnaud and F. Getaz: Experientia 38, 752 (1982).
M. J. Arnaud N. Mariotte: Eighth Int. Congress of Pharmacology, Tokyo, 1981
A.L.McCall,W.R. Millington R. J. Wurtman:Life Sci. 31, 2709–2715 (1982)
D. D. Tang-Liu S. Riegelman: Res. Comm. Chem. Path. Pharmac. 34, 371–380 (1981)
A. H. Neims R. W. von Borstel, in: Nutrition and the Brain. R. J. J. J. Wurtman (Eds), Raven Press, NY pp. 1–30 (1983)
C. E. Cook, C. R. Tallent, E. W. Amerson, M. W. Myers, J. A. Kepler, G. F. Taylor and H. D. Christensen, J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 199, 679–686 (1976).
R. Newton, L. J. Broughton, M. J. Lind, H. M. Rogers and I. D. Bradbrook: Eur. J. clin. Pharmac. 21, 45–52 (1981).
C. A. Beach, J. R. Bianchine and N. Gerber: Proc. West. Pharmac. Soc. 25, 377–380 (1982).
C. A. Beach, J. R. Bianchine and N. J. Gerber: Clin. Pharmac. 24, 120–126 (1984).
E. A. Tyrala and W. E. Dodson: Arch. Dis. Child. 54, 787–800 (1979).
J. W. A. Findlay, R. L. Deangelis, M. F. Kearney, R. M. Welch and J. M. Findlay: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 29, 625–633 (1981).
D. N. Bailey, R. T. Welbert and A. J. Naylor: J. analyt. Toxic. 6, 64–68 (1982).
J. E. Ryu: Devi. Pharmac. Ther. 8, 329–337 (1985).
M. J. Arnaud C. Welsch, in: Microsomes, Drug Oxidation and Chemical Carcinogenesis 2, 813–816 (1980)
W. D. Parsons, J. V. Aranda and A. H. Neims: Pediatr. Res. 10, 333 (1976).
L. F. Soyka, A. L. Neese, D. Main and E. Main: Semin. Perinatol. 5, 332–336 (1981).
W. Van’Thoff: Lancet 1, 1020 (1982).
N. Khanna, H. Bada and S. Somani: J. Pediatr. 96, 494–499 (1980).
M. M. Callahan, R. S. Robertson, M. J. Arnaud, A. R. Branman, M. F. McComish and D. W. Yesair: Drug Metab. Dispos. 10, 417–423 (1982).
B. E. Statland, T. Demas and M. Danis: N. England J. Med. 295, 110–111 (1976).
B. E. Statland and T. J. Demas: Am. J. Clin. Path. 73, 390–393 (1980).
P. V. Desmond, R. V. Patwardhan, R. F. Johnson and S. Schenker: Dig Dis. Sci. 25, 193–197 (1980).
E. Renner, H. Wietholtz, P. Huguenin, M. J. Arnaud and R. Preisig: Hepa– tology 4, 1, 38–46 (1984).
P. V. Desmond, R. V. Patwardhan, R. Parker, S. Schenker and K. V. Speeg: Life Sci. 26, 1261–1268 (1980).
J. L. Brazier, J. Descotes, N. Lery, M. Ollagnier and J. C. Evreux: Eur. J. Clin. Pharmac. 17, 37–43 (1980).
C. Sato, N. Izumi, T. Nouchi, Y. Hasumura and J. Takeuchi: Toxicology 34, 95–101 (1985).
G. R. Gale, L. M. Atkins, A. B. Smith and E. M. Walker: Res. Comm. Chem. Path. Pharmac. 51, 337–350 (1986).
C. A. Beach, D. C. Mays, R. C. Guiler, C. H. Jacober and N. Gerber: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 39, 265–270 (1986).
A. H. Staib, S. Harder, S. Mieke, C. Beer, W. Stille, P. M. Shah and K. Freeh: Dt. med. Wschr. 111, 1500 (1986).
M. C. Mitchell, A. M. Hoyumpa, S. Schenker, R. F. Johnson, S. Nichols and R. V. Patwardhan: J. Lab. clin. Med. 101, 826–834 (1983).
J. George, T. Murphy, R. Roberts, W. G. E. Cooksley, J. W. Halliday and L. W. Powell: Clin. exp. Pharmac. Physiol. 13, 731–736 (1986).
C. Mitoma, L. Lombrozo, S. E. LeValley and F. Dehn: Archs Biochem. Bio-phys. 134, 434–441 (1969).
H. U. Aeschbacher and H. P. Wurzner: Toxic, appl. Pharmac. 33, 575–581 (1975).
C. Mitoma, T. J. Sorich and S. E. Neubauer: Life Sci. 7, 145–151 (1968).
A. Thithapandha, S. Chaturapit, L. Limlomwongse and P. Sobhon: Archs Biochem. Biophys. 161, 178–186 (1974).
S. P. Govindwar, M. S. Kachole and S. S. Panar: Fd Chem. Toxic. 22, 371–375 (1984).
J. T. Ahokas, O. Pelkonen, P.J. Ravenscroft and B. T. Emmerson: Res. Commun. Subst. Abuse, 2. 277–290 (1981).
H. H. Cornish, C. E. Wilson and E. L. Abar: Am. Ind. Hyg. Ass. J. 31, 605–608 (1970).
K. L. Khanna and H. H. Cornish: Ford Cosmet. Toxic. 11, 11–17 (1973).
K. E. Anderson, A. H. Conney and A. Kappas: Nutr. Rev. 40, 161–171 (1982).
E. S. Vesell: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 36, 285–296 (1984).
T. J. Monks, J. Caldwell and R. L. Smith: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 26, 513–524 (1979).
D. D. Drouillard, E. S. Vesell and B. H. Dvorchik: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 23, 296–302 (1978).
C. A. Shively, S. M. Tarka, M. J. Arnaud, B. H. Dvorchik, G. T. Passananti and E. S. Vesell: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 37, 415–424 (1985).
A. Aldridge, W. D. Parsons and A. H. Neims: Life Sci. 21, 967–974 (1977).
A. Aldridge and A. H. Neims: Drug Metab. Dispos. 7, 378–382 (1979).
H. Wietholtz, M. Voegelin, M. J. Arnaud, J. Bircher and R. Preisig: Eur. J. clin. Pharmac. 21, 53–59 (1981).
R. M. Welch, S. Y. Shu and B.J. Deangelis: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 22, 791–798 (1977).
M. E. Champbell, D. M. Grant, T. Inaba and W. Kalow: Drug Metab. Dispos. 15, 237–249 (1987).
M. J. Arnaud, in: Caffeine. P. B. Dews (Ed), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 3–38 (1984)
M. J. Arnaud: Drug Metab. Dispos. 13, 471–478 (1985).
F. Bergmann and S. Dikstein: J. biol. Chem. 223, 765–780 (1956).
S. M. Lohmann and R. P. Miech: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 196, 213–225 (1976).
J. J. Grygiel, L. M. H. Wing, J. Farkas and D. J. Birkett: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 26, 660–667 (1979).
R. L. Manfredi and E. S. Vesell: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 29, 224–229 (1981).
D. M. Grant, B. K. Tang, M. E. Campbell and W. Kalow: Br. J. Clin. Pharmac. 21, 454–458 (1986).
D. M. Grant, B. K. Tang, M. E. Campbell and W. Kalow: 6th Int. Symp. Microsomes and Drug Oxidations, Brighton, England p. 97 (1984).
C. Bory, P. Baltassat, M. Porthault, M. Bethenod, A. Frederich and J. V. Aranda: J. Pediatr. 94, 988–993 (1979).
H. S. Bada, N. N. Khanna, S. M. Somani and A. A. Tin: J. Pediatr. 94, 993–995 (1979).
J. Aranda, S. Macleold, K. Renton and J. Eade: Pediatr. 84, 534–542 (1974).
J. Caldwell and M. J. Arnaud: Unpublished results.
L. Jiritano, A. Bortolotti, F. Gaspari and M. Bonati: Xenobiotica 15, 1045–1051 (1985).
M. J. Arnaud F. Getaz: World Conference on Clinical Pharmacology, Stockholm (1986)
G. S. Rao, K. L. Khanna and H. H. Cornish: Experientia 19, 953–955 (1973).
M.J. Arnaud, Z. Ben-Zvi, A. Yaari R. Gorodischer: Res. Comm. Chem. Path. Pharmac. 52, 407–410 (1986)
M. J. Arnaud, U. Richli and G. Philippossian: Experientia 42, 696 (1986).
M. J. Arnaud: Biochem. Med. 16, 67–76 (1976).
K. Kamei, M. Matsuda and A. Momose: Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 23, 683–685 (1975).
J. J. Rafter and L. Nilsson: Xenobiotica 11, 771–778 (1981).
D. M. Grant, B. K. Tang W. Kalow: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 33, 591–602 (1983)
D. W. Yesair, A. R. Branfman M. M. Callahan, in: The Methylxanthine Beverages and Foods: Chemistry, Consumption and Health Effects, Alan R. Liss, Inc., NY., pp. 215–233 (1984)
J. L. Ferrero and A. H. Neims: Life Sci. 33, 1173–1178 (1983).
M. J.Arnaud, A. Thelin-Doerner, E. Ravussin K. J. Acheson: Biomed. Mass. Spectrom. 7, 521–524 (1980)
A. Gescher and C. Raymont: Biochem. Pharmac. 30, 1245–1252 (1981).
R. A. Willson and F. E. Hart: Toxic, appl. Pharmac. 61, 177–184 (1981).
T. Wang, G. Kleber, F. Stellard and G. Paumgartner: Klin. Wschr. 63, 1124–1128 (1985).
G. Jost, A. Wahllander, U. von Mandach R. Preisig: Hepatology 7, 338–344 (1987)
B. K. Tang, D. M. Grant and W. Kalow: Drug Metab. Dispos. 11, 218–220 (1983).
D. M. Grant, B. K. Tang and W. Kalow: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 33, 355–359 (1983).
D. A. P. Evans and T. A. White: J. Lab. Clin. Med. 63, 394–403 (1964).
W. Kalow: Fedn Proc. 43, 2326–2331 (1984).
C. G. A. Persson, J. A. Karlsson and I. Erjefalt: Life Sci. 30, 2181–2189 (1982).
J. O. Miners, A. Lelo, R. A. Robson and D. J. Birkett: III World Conf. Clin. Pharmac. Ther., Abstr. 1270 (1986).
C. G. A. Persson and K. E. Anderson: Acta pharmac. toxic. 40, 529–536 (1977).
J. F. Williams, S. Lowitt, J. B. Poison and A. Szentivanyi: Biochem. Pharmac. 27, 1545–1550 (1978).
S. H. Snyder, J. Katims, Z. Annau, R. Bruns and J. Daly: Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. 78, 3260–3264 (1981).
W. R. Holloway and D. H. Thor: Neurobehav. Toxic. Terat. 4, 331–333 (1982).
P. E. Stephenson: J. Am. Diatetic Ass. 71, 240–247 (1977).
D. Robertson, D. Wade, R. Workman, R. L. Woosley and J. A. Oates: J. clin. Invest. 67, 1111–1117 (1981).
P. J. Abbott: Med. J. Aust. 145, 518–521 (1986).
K. R. Hirsh, J. H. Forde and M. G. Pinzone: Neurosci. Abst. 1, 257 (1974).
H. L. Hollingworth: Arch. Psychol. 22, 1–166 (1912).
E. Foltz, A. C. Ivy and C. J. Barborka: Am. J. Physiol. 136, 79–86 (1942).
E. Foltz, A. C. Ivy and C. J. Barboka: J. Lab. Clin. Med. 28, 603–606 (1942).
G. A. Leinert and H. P. Huber: J. Psychol. 63, 269–274 (1966).
B. Weiss and V. G. Laties: Pharmac. Rev. 14, 1–36 (1962).
A. Goldstein, S. Kaizer and R. Warren: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 150, 146–151 (1965).
J. O. Cole, H. G. Pope, R. Labrie and M. Ionescu-Pioggia: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 24, 243–252 (1978).
A. Goldstein, S. Kaizer and O. Whitby: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 10, 489–497 (1969).
J. T. Kuznicki and L. S. Turner: Physiol. Behav. 37, 397–408 (1986).
R. H. Cheney: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther., 53, 304–313 (1935).
K. Horst and W. L. Jenkins: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 53, 385–400 (1935).
V. E. Mitchell, S. Ross and P. M. Hurst: Psychol. Rep. 35, 875–883 (1974).
D. L. Smith, J. E. Tong and G. Leigh: Percept. Mot. Skills 45, 635–639 (1977).
B. C. White, C. A. Lincoln, N. W. Pearce, R. Reeb and C. Vaida: Science 209, 1547–1548 (1980).
R. N. Elkins, J. L. Rapoport, T. P. Zahn, M. S. Buchsbaum, H. Weingartner, I.I. Kopin, D. Langer C. Johnson: Am. J. Psychiatry 138, 178–183 (1981)
J. L. Rapoport, M. Jensvold, R. Elkins, M. S. Buchsbaum, H. Weingartner, C. Ludlow, T. P. Zahn, C. J. Berg and A. H. Neims: J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 169, 726–732 (1981).
M. Clubley, C. E. Bye, T. A. Henson, A. W. Peck and C. J. Riddington: Br. J. clin. Pharmac. 7, 157–163 (1979).
J. Krueger, J. Zulch and M. Z. Gandorfer: Ernährungswissenschaft 18, 51–61 (1979).
P. E. Stephenson: Jama 71, 240–247 (1977).
H. M. Franks, H. Hagedorn, V. R. Hensley and G. A. Starmer: Psychopharmacologia 150, 177–181 (1975).
I. Keuchel, R. Kohnen and G. A. Lienert: Arzneimittelforschung 29, 973–975 (1979).
W. S. Terry and B. Phifer: J. Clin. Psych. 42, 860–863 (1986).
F. W. Furlong: Can. Psychiatr. Ass. J. 20, 577–583 (1975).
H. A. Reimann: Jama 202, 1105–1106 (1967).
J. R. Wolpaw and J. K. Penry: Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 44, 568–574 (1978).
V. J. Kuenkel: Arzneimittelforschung 26, 462–465 (1976).
V. E. Pollock, T. Teasdale, J. Stern and J. Volavka: Electroencephalogr. clin. Neurophysiol. 51, 470–476 (1981).
W. Koller, S. Cone and G. Herbster: Neurology 37, 169–172 (1987).
S. E. File, A. J. Bond and R. G. Lister: J. Clin. Psychopharmac. 2, 102–106 (1982).
E. I. Dureman: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 3, 29–33 (1961).
F. A. MacCornack: Prevent. Med. 6, 104–119 (1977).
J. R. Harrie: Jama 213, 628 (1 page) (1970).
H. Selbach: Med. Klin. 68, 642–648 (1973).
F. A. Gibbs and G. L. Maltby: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 78, 1–10 (1943).
W. E. Foote, P. Holmes, A. Pritchard, C. Hatcher and J. Mordes: Neuropharmacology 17, 7–12 (1978).
D. M. Graham: Nutr. Rev. 36, 97–102 (1978).
W. Silver: Pediatrics 47, 635 (1971).
D. K. Winstead: Am. J. Psychiatry 133, 1447–1450 (1976).
B. Defreitas and G. Schwartz: Am. J. Psych. 136, 1337–1338 (1979).
J. F. Greden, P. Fontaine, M. Lubetsky: Am. J. Psychiat. 131, 1089–1092 (1974).
H. A. Reimann: Jama 202, 131–132 (1967).
K. Gilliland and D. Andress: Am. J. Psychiat. 138, 512–514 (1981).
R. H. Klein and L. F. Salzman: Percept. Motor Skills 40, 126 (1975).
M. J. Shirlow and C. D. Mathers: Int. J. Epidem. 14, 239–248 (1985).
B. C. White, C. A. Lincoln, N. W. Pearce, R. Reeb and C. Vaida: Science 209, 1547–1548 (1980).
J. F. Greden: The Science, 19, 6–11 (1979).
R. H. Dreisbach and C. Pfeiffer: J. Lab. Clin. Med. 28, 1212–1219 (1943).
A. Golstein: Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmac. 248, 269–278 (1964).
A. Goldstein, R. Warren and S. Kaizer: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 149, 156–159 (1965).
L. J. Dorfman and M. E. Jarvik: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 11, 869–872 (1970).
W. H. Forrest Jr, J. W. Bellville and B. W. Brown: Anesthesiology 36, 37–41 (1972).
V. Brezinova: Br. J. Clin. Pharmac. 1, 203–206 (1974).
I. Karacan, J. I. Thornby, A. M. Anch, G. Booth and R. L. Williams: J. clin. Pharmac. Ther. 20, 682–689 (1976).
M. T. Schwertz and G. Marbach: Arch. Sei. Physiol. 19, 425–479 (1965).
T. Colton, R. E. Gosselin and R. P. Smith: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 9, 31–39 (1968).
A. Goldstein and S. Kaiser: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 10, 477–488 (1969).
S. C. Gresham, W. B. Webb and R. L. Williams: Science 140, 1226–1227 (1963).
M. Levy E. Zylber-Katz: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 33, 770–775 (1983)
H. Tanaka: Brain Dev. 5, 397–406 (1983).
H. W. Newman and E. J. Newman: Q. J. Stud. Alcohol. 17, 406–410 (1956).
R. B. Forney and F. W. Hughes: Q. J. Stud. Alcohol. 26, 206–212 (1965).
E. Nuotto, M. J. Mattila, T. Seppala and K. Konno: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 31, 68–76 (1982).
D. J. Oborne and Y. Rogers: Aviat. Space Envir. Med. 54, 528–634 (1983).
R. C. Schnackenberg: Am. J. Psychiatr. 130, 796–798 (1973).
I. Fras: Am. J. Psychiat. 131, 228–229 (1974).
D. H. P. Harvey and R. W. Marsh: Devi. Med. Child Neurol. 20, 81–86 (1978).
C. K. Conners: J. Abnormal Child Psych. 7, 145–151 (1979).
C. C. Reichard and S. T. Elder: Am. J. Psychiat. 134, 144–148 (1977).
C. K. Conners: Int. J. Mental Hlth 4, 132–143 (1975).
B. D. Garflnkel, C. D. Webster and L. Sloman: Am. J. Psychiat. 132, 723–729 (1975).
P. Firestone, H. Poitras-Wright V. Douglas: J. Learning Disability 11, 133–141 (1978)
R. D. Huestis, L. E. Arnold and D. J. Smeltzer: Am. J. Psychiat. 132, 868–870 (1975).
L. E. Arnold, J. Christopher, R. Huetsis and D. J. Smeltzer: Archs gen. Psychiat. 35, 463–473 (1978).
P. Firestone, J. Davey, J. T. Goodman and S. Peters: J. Am. Acad. Child psychiat. 17, 445–456 (1978).
D. R. Cherek, J. L. Steinberg and J. T. Branchi: Psych. Res. 8, 1374 (1983).
W. G. Lennox M. A. Lennox, in: Epilepsy and Related Disorders, Vol. 1, Little, Brown and Co. Ed., Boston (1960)
P. B. Dews, in: Caffeine, P. B. Dews (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 86–103 (1984)
J. J. Young, H. J. Brownlee and R. Delaney: Drug Intell. and Clin. Pharm. 16, 779–780 (1982).
D. J. Dobmeyer, R. A. Stine, C. V. Leier: N Engl. J. Med. 308, 814–816 (1983).
T. De Gubareff and W. Sleator: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 148, 202–214 (1965).
O. Strubelt, in: Coffein und andere Methylxanthine, Heim F. Ammon H. P. T. Eds., F. K. Schattauer Verlag, Stuttgart pp 121–128 (1969)
S. Johansson: Acta path, microbiol. scand. 89, 185–191 (1981).
W. Schwarzlose, in: Coffein und andere Methylxanthine. Heim F. Ammon H. P. T. Eds. F. K. Schattauer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 119–120 (1969)
T. Colton, R. Gosselin and R. Smith: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 9, 31–39 (1968).
E. B. Truitt, in: Drill’s Pharmacology in Medicine, 4th ed. J. R. Di Palma Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co, N.Y. pp. 533–556 (1971)
T. L. Whitesett, C. V. Manion and H. Dix Christensen: Am. J. Cardiol. 53, 918–922 (1984).
J. Onrot, I. Biaggioni, A. Hollister and D. Robertson: Prim. Cardiol. 10, 104–110 (1984).
M. T. Lin, A. Chandra and G. G. Liu: J. Pharm. Pharmac. 32, 204–208 (1980).
J. Moyer, A. Toshnek, S. Miller, H. Snyder and R. Bowman: Am. J. med. Sci. 224, 377–385 (1952).
L. Sokoloff: Pharmac. Rev. 11, 1–85 (1959).
R. J. Mathew, D. L. Barr and M. L. Weiman: Br. J. Psychiat. 143, 604–608 (1983).
J. Onrot, O. Shaheen, I. Biaggioni, M. R. Goldberg, J. Feely, G. R. Wilkinson, A. S. Hollister and D. Robertson: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 40, 506–510 (1986).
P. Smits, T. Thien and A. Van’t Laar: Am. J. Cardiol. 56, 958–963 (1985).
S. J. Wilson, J. Ayromlooi and J. K. Errick: Obstet. Gynec. 61, 486–492 (1983).
R. J. Prineas, D. R. Jacobs, R. S. Crow und H. Blackburn: J. Chron. Dis. 33, 67–72 (1980).
D. Robertson, J. C. Froelich, R. K. Carr, J. T. Watson, J. W. Hollifield, D. G. Shand and J. A. Oates: N. Engl. J. Med. 298, 181–186 (1978).
A. Grollman: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 39, 313–327 (1930).
K. Horst, R. J. Willson and R. G. Smith: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 58, 294–304 (1936).
T. Sollman J. D. Pilcher: J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 3,19–92 (1912)
L. Gould, K. Venkataraman, M. Goswami and R. F. Gomprecht: Angiology 24, 455–463 (1973).
H. L. Higgins and J. H. Means: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 7, 1–30 (1915).
I. Starr, C. J. Gamble and A. Margolies: J. Clin. Invest. 16, 799–823 (1937).
J. Barone and H. C. Grice: Food Chem. Toxic. 23, 389–399 (1985).
M. Periti, A. Salvaggio, G. Quaglia and L. Di Marzio: Clin. Sci. 72, 443–447 (1987).
A. Clark and C. B. Olson: Br. J. Pharmac. 47, 1–11 (1973).
O. Paul, M. H. Lepper, W. H. Phelan, G. W. Dupertuis, A. Macmillan, H. McKean and H. Park: Circulation 28, 20–31 (1963).
Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Lancet 2, 1278–1281 (1972).
H. Jick, O. S. Miettinen, R. K. Neff, S. Shapiro, O. P. Heinonen and D. Slone: N. Engl. J. Med. 289, 63–67 (1973).
J. I. Mann and M. Thorogood: Lancet 2, 1215 (1975).
A. Z. Lacroix, L. A. Mead, K. Y. Liang, C. B. Thomas and T. A. Pearson: N. Engl. J. Med. 315, 977–982 (1986).
W. J. Walter and Gregoratos: Am. J. Cardiol. 19, 339–343 (1967).
O. Paul, A. MacMillan, H. McKean and H. Park: Lancet 2, 1049–1051 (1968).
A. L. Klatsky, G. D. Friedman and A. B. Siegelaub: Jama 226, 540–543 (1973).
T. R. Dawber, W. B. Kannel and T. Gordon: N. Engl. J. Med. 291, 871–874 (1974).
G. Tibblin, L. Wilhelmsen and L. Werko: Am. J. Cardiol. 35, 514–522 (1975).
C. H. Hennekens, M. E. Drolette, M. J. Jesse, J. E. Davies and G. B. Hutchinson: N. Engl. J. Med. 294, 633–636 (1976).
L. Wilhelmsen, G. Tibblin, D. Elmfeldt, H. Wedel and L. Werko: Acta med. scand. 201, 547–552 (1977).
K. Yano, G. G. Rhoads and A. Kagan: N. Engl. J. Med. 297, 405–409 (1977).
S. Heyden, H. A. Tyroler, G. Heiss, C. G. Hames and A. Bartel: Archs Intern. Med. 138, 1472–1475 (1978).
L.Rosenberg, D. Slone, S Shapiro, D. W. Kaufman, P. D. Stolley O. S. Mietten: Am. J. Epidem. 111, 675–681 (1980)
S. S. Murray, E. Bjelke, R. W. Gibson and L. M. Schuman: Am. J. Epidem. 113, 661–667 (1981).
W. B. Kannel and T. R. Dawber: N. Engl. J. Med. 289, 100–101 (1973).
R. J. Hickey, R. C. Clelland, E. B. Harner and D. E. Boyce: Lancet 1, 1003 (1973).
S. R. Yarnall: Jama 227, 325 (1974)
R. F. Dempewolff: Sci. Digest. 31 (1975).
L. Rosenberg, D. Slone, S. Shapiro, D. N. Kaufman and O. S. Miettinen: Am. J. Epidem. 113, 646–652 (1981).
P. W. Curatolo and D. Robertson: Ann. intern. Med. 98, 641–653 (1983).
J. B. Martin and S. Heyden: Café, Cacao, Thé, XXX, 281–288 (1986).
S. Bellet, L. J. Feinberg, H. Sandberg and M. Hirabayashi: J. Pharmacol, exp. Ther. 159, 250–254 (1969).
P. S. Elias: Café, Cacao, Thé, XXX, 121–138 (1986).
N. B. Eddy and A. W. Downs: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 33, 167–174 (1928).
L. J. Dorfman and M. E. Jarvik: Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 11, 869–872 (1970).
H. B. Myers: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 23, 465–477 (1924).
J. B. Gouyon and J. P. Guignard: Pediatr. Res. 21, 615–618 (1987).
A. R. Cushny: J. Pharmac. 4, 363–398 (1913).
D. H. Le Messurier: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 57, 458–463 (1936).
M. Leven: Arch. Physiol. Norm. Path. 1, 179–189 (1868).
T. Trippenbach: Pharmac. Ther. 20, 307–340 (1983).
G. S. Supinski, S. Levin and S. G. Kelsen: J. appl. Physiol. 60, 2040–2047 (1986).
J. Haldi, G. Bachmann, C. Ensor and W. Winn: J. Nutr. 27, 287–293 (1944).
G. H. Richmond: J. appl. Physiol., 2, 16–23 (1949).
M. W. Stroud, C. J. Lambertsen, J. H. Ewing, R. H. Kough, R. A. Gould and C. F. Schmidt: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 114, 461–469 (1955).
M. Mazzarelli, N. Jaspar, W. A. Zin, J. V. Aranda and J. Milic-Emili: J. appl. Physiol. 60, 52–59 (1986).
A. H. Neims R. W. von Borstel, in: Nutrition and the Brain, R. J. Wurtman J. J. Wurtman, Eds. Raven Press, N.Y. pp. 1–30 (1983)
J. V. Aranda, D. Grondin and B. I. Sasyniuk: Pediatric Clinics of North America, 28, 113–133 (1981).
A. A. Woodcock, E. R. Gross, A. Gellert, S. Shah, M. Johnson and D. M. Geedes: N. Engl. J. Med. 305, 1611–1616 (1981).
C. Sturanic, S. Papirus, G. Grossi and G. Gunella: Eur. J. Respir. Dis. 69, 557–563 (1986).
J. V. Aranda, W. Gorman, H. Bergsteinsson and T. Gunn: J. Pediatr. 90, 467–472 (1977).
M. Anwar, H. Mondestin, N. Mojica, R. Novo, M. Graff, M. Hiatt and T. Hegyi: Arch. Dis. Child 61, 891–895 (1986).
T. R. Gunn, K. Metrakos, P. Riley, D. Willis and J. V. Aranda: J. Pediatr. 94, 106–109 (1979).
I. Murat, G. Moriette, M. C. Blin, M. Couchard, B. Flouvat, E. Degamarra, J. P. Relier and C. Dreyfus–Brisac: J. Pediatr. 99, 984–989 (1981).
J. V. Aranda and T. Turmen: Clin. Perinat. 6, 87–108 (1979).
A. Bairam, M. J. Boutroy, Y. Badonnel and P. Vert: J. Pediatr. 110, 636–639 (1987).
C. G. A. Persson: Thorax 40, 881–886 (1985).
A. B. Becker, K. J. Simons, C. A. Gillespie and F. E. R. Simons: N. Engl. J. Med. 310, 743–746 (1984).
M. Crivelli, A. Wahllander, G. Jost, R. Preisig and H. Bachofen: Respiration 50, 258–264 (1986).
H. Gong, M. S. Simmons, D. P. Tashkin, K. K. Hui, E. Y. Lee: Chest 89, 335–342 (1986).
M. Bukowskj and K. Nakatsu: Am. Rev. respir. Dis. 135, 173–175 (1987).
P. Shapiro: Lancet 793 (1982).
R. J. Kaplan, L. Daman, E. W. Rosenberg and S. Feigenbaum: Arch. Dermat. 114, 60–62 (1978).
S. K. Powers, S. Dodd, J. Woodyard and M. Mangum: Med. Sci. Sports Med. 18, 101–106 (1986).
J. H. Means, J. C. Aub and E. F. Dubois: Arch. Intern. Med. 19, 832–839 (1917).
D. S. Miller, M. J. Stock and J. A. Stuart: Proc. Nutr. Soc. 33, 28A (1974).
K. J. Acheson, B. Zahorska-Markiewica, P. Pittet, K. Anantharaman E. Jequier: Am. J. clin. Nutr. 33, 989–997 (1980)
A. Grollman: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 39, 313–327 (1930).
R. Horst, R. J. Wilson and R. G. Smith: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 58, 294–304 (1936).
J-L. Ivy, D. L. Costill, W. J. Fink and R. W. Lower: Med. Sei. Sports 11, 6–11 (1979).
M. A. Hollands, J. R. S. Arch and M. A. Cawthorne: Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34, 2291–2294 (1981).
R. T. Jung, P. S. Shetty, W. P. T. James, M. A. Barrand B. A. Callingham: Clin. Sci. 60, 527–535 (1981)
E. T. Poehlman, J.-P. Despres, H. Bessette, E. Fontaine, A. Tremblay and C. Bouchard: Med. Sei. Sports Exerc. 17, 689–694 (1985).
B. Zahorska-Markiewica : Acta physiol. pol. 31, 17–20 (1980)
V. Ammaturo and M. Monti: Acta med. scand. 220, 181–184 (1986).
M. Monti, L. Edvinsson, E. Ranklev and R. Fletcher: Acta med. scand. 220, 185–188 (1986).
S. Bellet, A. Kershbaum and J. Aspe: Arch. Intern. Med. 116, 750–752 (1965).
E. Cheraskin, W. M. Ringsdorf, A. T. S. M. Setyaadmadja and R. A. Barrett: Lancet 1, 1299–1300 (1967).
E. Cheraskin and W. M. Ringsdorf: Lancet 2, 689 (1968).
P. Avogaro, C. Capri, M. Pias and G. Cazzolato: Isr. J. med. Sci. 9, 114–119 (1973).
K. P. Ratzmann, D. Riemer, E. Mannchen and I. Paul: Endokrinologie 68, 319–326 (1976).
L. J. Feinberg, H. Sandberg, O. De Castro and S. Bellet: Metabolism 17, 916–922 (1968).
A. Wachman, R. S. Hattner, B. George and D. S. Bernstein: Metabolism 19, 539–546 (1970).
D. J. Naismith, P. A. Akinyanju, S. Szanto and J. Yudkin: Nutr. Metab. 12, 144–151 (1970).
Z. Oberman, M. Herzberg, H. Jaskolka, A. Harreil, E. Hoerer and L. Laurian: Isr. J. med. Sci. 11, 33–36 (1975).
O. M. Jankelson, S. B. Beaser, F. M. Howard and J. Mayer: Lancet 1, 527–529 (1967).
S. Bellet, A. Kershbaum and E. M. Finck: Metabolism 17, 702–707 (1968).
S. Bellet, L. Roman, O. De Castro, K. E. Kim A. Kershbaum: Metabolism 18, 288–291 (1969)
L. J. Feinberg, H. Sandberg, O. De Castro and S. Bellet: Metabolism 17, 916–922 (1968).
R. Fears: Br. J. Nutr. 39, 363–374 (1978).
R. V. Patwardhan, P. V. Desmond, R. F. Johnson, G. D. Dunn, D. H. Robertson, A. M. Hoyumpa S. Schenker: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 28, 398–403 (1980)
R. Latini, M. Bonati, E. Marzi, M. Tacconi, B. Sadurska and A. Bizzi: J. Pharm. Pharmac. 32, 596–599 (1980).
M. Studlar: Z. Ernährungswiss. 12, 109–120 (1973).
P. Akinyanju J. Yudkin: Nature 214, 426–427 (1967)
D. J. Naismith, P. A. Akinyanju and J. Yudkin: J. Nutr. 97, 375–381 (1969).
N. Kato and A. Yoshida: Agrie. Biol. Chem. 43, 191–192 (1979).
H. Yokogoshi, S. Mochizuki, M. Takahata, S. Quazi and A. Yoshida: Nutr. Rep. Int. 28, 805–814 (1983).
J. A. Little, H. M. Shanoff, A. Csima, S. E. Redmond R. Yano: Lancet 1, 933–935 (1965)
J. A. Little, H. M. Shanoff, A. Csima and R. Yano: Lancet 1, 732–734 (1966).
A. B. Nichols, C. Ravenscroft, D. E. Lamphiear and L. D. Ostrander: Jama 236, 1948–1953 (1976).
S. Heyden, G. Heiss, C. Manegold, H. A. Tyroler, C. G. Hames, A. G. Bar– tel and G. Cooper: Circulation 60, 22–25 (1979).
F. M. Sacks, W. P. Castelli, A. Donner and E. H. Kass: N. Engl. J. Med. 292, 1148–1151 (1975).
A. T. Hostmark, O. Spydevold, E. Lystad, A. Haug, E. Eilertsen and T. Bjerkedal: Nutr. Rep. Int. 35, 317–324 (1987).
B. K. Jacobsen and D. S. Thelle: Br. med. J. 294, 4–5 (1987).
R. Perkins and M. H. Williams: Med. Sci. Sports 7, 221–224 (1975).
D. L. Costill, G. P. Dalsky and W. J. Fink: Med. Sci. Sports 10, 155–158 (1978).
B. Berglund and P. Hemmingsson: Int. J. Sports Med. 3, 234–236 (1982).
S. K. Powers, R. Byrd, R. Tulley and T. Callender: Eur. J. appl. Physiol. 50, 301–307 (1983).
J. L. Ivy, D. L. Costill, P. J. van Handel, D. A. Essig and R. W. Lower: Int. J. Sports Med. 2, 139–142 (1981).
S. K. Powers and S. Dodd: Sports Med. 2, 165–174 (1985).
D. A. Jones, S. Howell, C. Roussos and R. H. T. Edwards: Clin. Sci. 63, 161–167 (1982).
S. Cohen and G. H. Booth: New Engl. J. Med. 293, 897–899 (1975).
G. W. Dennish and D. O. Castell: Am. J. Dig. Dis. Sci. 17, 993–996 (1972).
J. A. Roth and A. C. Ivy: Am. J. Physiol. 141, 454–461 (1944).
M. I. Grossman, J. A. Roth and A. C. Ivy: Gastroenterology 4, 251–256 (1945).
L. F. Wright, R. G. Gibson and R. I. Hirschowitz: Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med. 154, 538–539 (1977).
K. McArthur, D. Hogan and J. I. Isenberg: Gastroenterology 83, 199–203 (1982).
A. Littman, B. W. Fox and E. M. Kammerling: Gastroenterology 28, 953–963 (1955).
V. H. Musick, H. T. Avey and H. C. Hopps: Gastroenterology 7, 332–339 (1946).
H. T. Debas, M. M. Cohen, I. B. Holubitsky and R. C. Harrison: Scand. J. Gastroent. 6, 453–457 (1971).
M. M. Cohen, H. T. Debas, I. B. Holubitsky and R. C. Harrison: Gastroenterology 61, 440–444 (1971).
J. A. Roth and A. C. Ivy: Am. J. Physiol. 142, 107–113 (1944).
J. A. Roth and A. C. Ivy: Gastroenterology 5, 129–134 (1945).
R. Cano, J. I. Isenberg and M. I. Grossmann: Gastroenterology 70, 1055–1057 (1976).
A. Wald, C. Back and T. M. Bayless: Gastroenterology 71, 738–742 (1976).
P. G. Brady and T. M. Bayless: John Hopkins Med. J. 136, 251–253 (1975).
S. M. Wagner, S. M. Mekhjian, J. H. Caldwell and F. B. Thomas: Gastroenterology 75, 379–381 (1978).
J. A. Roth and A. C. Ivy: Gastroenterology 2, 274–285 (1944).
C. T. Pfeiffer and G. Gass: Tox. appl. Pharmac. 7, 732 (1965).
T. E. Chvasta and A. R. Cooke: Gastroenterology 61, 838–843 (1971).
J. A. Roth, A. C. Ivy and A. J. Atkinson: Jama 126, 814–820 (1944).
J. A. Roth and A. C. Ivy: Gastroenterology 7, 576–582 (1946).
J. M. Berkowitz, J. E. Shields, I. H. Andersen M. Praissman: Gastroenterology 66, 666 (1974)
F. Acquaviva, A. Defrancesco, A. Andriulli, P. Piantino, A. Arrigoni, P. Massarenti and F. Balzola: J. clin. Gastroent. 8, 150–153 (1986).
K. A. Nieforth M. L. Cohen, in: Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, W. O. Foye (Ed.), Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, pp. 282–285 (1974)
T. W. Rail and E. W. Sutherland: J. biol. Chem. 232, 1065–1076 (1958).
E. W. Sutherland and T. W. Rail: J. biol. Chem. 232, 1077–1091 (1958).
R. W. Butcher and E. W. Sutherland: J. biol. Chem. 237, 1244–1250 (1962).
A. Beavo, N. L. Rogers, O. B. Crofford, J. G. Hardman, E. W. Sutherland and E. V. Newman: Molec. Pharmac. 6, 597–603 (1970).
P. Greengard: Fedn. Proc. 38, 2208–2217 (1979).
C. P. Bianchi: J. gen. Physiol. 44, 845–858 (1961).
R. Herz and A. Weber: Fedn. Proc. 24, 208 (1965).
L. Blazney, H. Thomas, J. Muir and A. Henderson: Circ. Res. 43, 520–526 (1978).
Y. Ito, H. Suzuki and H. Kuriyama: Jap. J. Physiol. 27, 467–481 (1977).
K. Jhamandas, J. Sawynok and M. Sutax: Eur. J. Pharmac. 49, 309–312 (1978).
M. A. Arnold, D. B. Carr, D. M. Togasaki, M. C. Pian and J.B. Martin: Life Sci. 31, 1017–1024 (1982).
V. Stefanovich, G. Gojowczyk E. Porsche: Ires Med. Sci. 10, 36 (1982)
B. A. Berkowitz, J. H. Tarver and S. Spector: Eur. J. Pharmac. 10, 64–71 (1970).
E. Spindel, M. Arnold, B. Cusack and R. Wurtman: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 214, 58–62 (1980).
M. Clozel, C. L. Blanchaud, G. S. Tannenbaum, J. H. Dussault and J. V. Aranda: Pediatr. Res. 17, 592–595 (1983).
A. De Pasquale, G. Costa, A. Trovato and R. Ceserani: Prostaglandins Med. 3, 97–103 (1979).
M. Portoles, M. D. Minana, A. Jorda and S. Grisolia: Ires Med. Sci. 12, 1002–1003 (1984).
S. Bellet, J. Kostis, L. Roman and O. De Castro: Metabolism 18, 1007–1012 (1969).
J. P. Henry and P. M. Stephens: Pharmac. Biochem. Behav. 13, 719–727 (1980).
P. J. Marangos, S. M. Paul, A. M. Parma, F. K. Goodwin, P. Syapin and P. Skolnick: Life Sci. 24, 851–858 (1979).
J. P. Boulanger, J. Patel and P. J. Marangos: Neurosci. Lett. 30, 161–166 (1982).
M. J. Mattila, E. Palva and K. Savolainen: Med. Biol. 60, 121–123 (1982).
A. W. Procter and J. F. Greden: Am. J. Psychiatr. 139, 132 (1982).
L. Winsky and J. A. Harvey: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 241, 223–229 (1987).
J. J. Katims, Z. Annau and S. H. Snyder: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 227, 167–173 (1983).
L. Ther, R. Muschaweck and J. Hergott: Arch. exp. Path. Pharmac. 231, 586–590 (1957).
S. H. Snyder, in: Caffeine, P. B. Dews (Ed), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 129–141 (1984)
K. E. Andersson C. G. A. Persson: (Eds) Anti-asthma xanthines and adenosine, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp 3–484 (1985)
E. Gerlach B. F. Becker: (Eds) Topics and Perspectives in Adenosine Research, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 3–629 (1987)
B. B. Fredholm: Trends Pharm. Sci. 1, 129–132 (1980).
J. W. Daly, R. F. Bruns and S. H. Snyder: Life Sci. 28, 2083–2097 (1981).
B. B. Fredholm and C. G. A. Persson: Eur. J. Pharmac. 81, 673–676 (1982).
D. van Calker, M. Muller and B. Hamprecht: J. Neurochem. 33, 999–1005 (1979).
C. Londos, D. M. Cooper and J. Wolff: Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 2551–2554 (1980).
K. M. Murphy and S. H. Snyder: Molec. Pharmac. 22, 250–257 (1982).
J. W. Daly, P. Butts-Lamb W. Padgett: Cell. Molec. Neurobiol. 3, 69–80 (1983)
J. W. Daly, W. Padgett, C. R. Creveling, D. Cantacuzene and K. L. Kirk: J. Neurosci. 1, 49–59 (1981).
P. Hedqvist, P. B. Fredholm and S. Olundh: Circ. Res. 43, 592–598 (1978).
C. Hollins and T. W. Stone: Br. J. Pharmac. 69, 197–212 (1980).
S. H. Snyder, J. J. Katims, Z. Annau, R. F. Bruns and J. W. Daly: Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 3260–3264 (1981).
B. B. Fredholm: Acta physiol. scand. 115, 283–286 (1982).
P. J. Marangos, J.-P. Boulenger and J. Patel: Life Sci. 34, 899–907 (1984).
J-P. Boulenger, P. J. Marangos, K. J. Zander and J. Hanson: Clin. Neuropharmac. 9, 79–83 (1986).
R. W. von Borstel R. Wurtman: Fedn. Proc. 41, No. 8180 (1982)
R. W. von Borstel, R. J. Wurtman and L. A. Conlay: Life Sci. 32, 1151–1158 (1983).
R. M. Green and G. L. Stiles: J. clin. Invest. 77, 222–227 (1986).
B. B. Fredholm: Med. Biol. 60, 289–293 (1982).
M. K. Ahlijanian and A. E. Takemori: J. Pharmac. exp. Ther. 236, 171–176 (1986).
H. P. Baer G. I. Drummond: (Eds.) Symposium, Physiological and Regulatory Function of Adenosine and Adenine Nucleotides, Raven Press, N.Y. (1978)
G. Merrill, M. Young, K. Marcus, C. Tozzi P. Grosso: Fedn. Proc. 40, 706 (1981)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Birkhäuser Verlag Basel
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Arnaud, M.J. (1987). The pharmacology of caffeine. In: Jucker, E., Meyer, U. (eds) Progress in Drug Research/Fortschritte der Arzneimittelforschung/Progrès des recherches pharmaceutiques. Progress in Drug Research/Fortschritte der Arzneimittelforschung/Progrès des recherches pharmaceutiques, vol 31. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9289-6_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9289-6_9
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-9981-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-9289-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive