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Molecular biology of peptide receptors

  • Chapter
The Peptidergic Neuron

Part of the book series: Advances in Life Sciences ((ALS))

Summary

Peptides are a large class of endogenous molecules involved in neurotransmission. Most peptide receptors have a typical seven transmembrane spanning-like structure. Structure-function analysis of cloned peptide receptors has revealed important information on the ligand binding domains and regions of the receptors involved in coupling to G proteins and cellular effector systems. Somatostatin receptors consist of a family of five receptor subtypes which have approximately 50% amino acid sequence identity. Selective ligands have been identified at 3 of the 5 receptors and have been useful in revealing distinct functions of those subtypes. The subtype SSTR2 mediates important physiological actions of somatostatin including regulation of growth hormone release and is a target of anticancer agents. Ligand binding domains of this receptor have been identified using site-directed mutagenesis approaches. A region of four amino acids at the juncture of the third extracellular loop and transmembrane seven is involved in binding of synthetic hexaand octapeptide analogs of somatostatin. A phenylalanine within this region is especially critical for binding octapeptide analogs such as Sandostatin. The third intracellular loop of this receptor may be particularly important in coupling the receptor to G proteins and appears to contain sites that may be involved in the desensitization of the receptor. In fact, this receptor becomes phosphorylated during desensitization. Phosphorylation of sites within the third intracellular loop of the receptor may be responsible for uncoupling the receptor from G proteins and cellular effector systems. Biochemical studies have revealed which G proteins associate with this receptor and have indicated that different G proteins link the receptor to distinct cellular effector systems. Because of the important physiological roles of this receptor and its involvement in mediating therapeutic actions of somatostatin analogs, non-peptide SSTR2 drugs may have a number of clinical uses. Structure-function analysis of this receptor may facilitate the development of these drugs.

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  1. Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Room 103 John Morgan Building, 36th Street, Hamilton Walk Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA

    G. Liapakis & T. Reisine

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  1. G. Liapakis
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  1. Anatomisches Institut der Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098, Kiel, Germany

    Brigitte Krisch  & Rolf Mentlein  & 

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Liapakis, G., Reisine, T. (1996). Molecular biology of peptide receptors. In: Krisch, B., Mentlein, R. (eds) The Peptidergic Neuron. Advances in Life Sciences. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9010-6_13

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