Abstract
Fatty acids and their derivatives are important cellular structural components and a form of energy storage [1], In the skin extracellular fatty acids are also part of the intercellular stratum corneum lipid layers. These multilamellar lipid bilayers regulate the permeability barrier that prevents excessive water loss and the entry of harmful substances into the skin [2]. Therefore, the epidermal keratinocyte is highly active in synthesis of lipids, including free fatty acids. The synthesis in the skin responds to various pathological conditions, including disturbed permeability barrier function [3]. However, the essential fatty acids, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, must be aquired from the circulation [4, 5],
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Laposata M (1995) Fatty acids: biochemistry to clinical significance. Am J Clin Pathol 104: 172–179
Elias PM (1983) Epidermal lipids, barrier function, and desquamation. J Invest Dermatol 88: 445–495
Feingold KR (1991) The relation and role of epidermal lipid synthesis. In: Elias PM, Havel RJ, Small DM (eds): Advances in lipid research: Skin lipids. Academic Press, San Diego, 57–82
Schürer NY, Plewig G, Elias PM (1991): Stratum corneum lipid function. Dermatologica 183:77–94
Wertz PW, Cho ES, Downing DT (1983) Effect of essential fatty acid deficiency on the epidermal sphingolipids of the rat. Biochem Biophys Acta 735: 350–355
Jie MS (1993): The synthesis of rare and unusual fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 32: 151–194
Schürer NY, Elias PM (1991) The biochemistry and function of stratum corneum lipids. In: Elias PM, Havel RJ, Small DM (eds): Advances in lipid research: Skin lipids. Academic Press, San Diego, 27–56
Hardie GH (1989): Regulation of fatty acid synthesis via phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Prog Lipid Res 28: 117–146
Kim KH, Tae HJ (1984) Pattern and regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene expression. J Nutr 124: 1273s–1283s
Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Watson JD (eds) (1989) The molecular biology of the cell, 2nd edn. Garland Publishing, New York, 44–45, 52, 280
Jamil H, Madson NB (1987) Phosphorylation state of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase. J Biol Chem 262: 630–637
Holzer KP, Liu W, Hannes GG (1989) Molecular cloning and sequencing of chicken liver fatty and synthase cDNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 4387–4391
Amy CM, Witkowski A, Naggert J, Williams B, Randhawa Z, Smith S (1989) Molecular cloning and sequencing of cDNAs encoding the entire rat synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 3114–3118
Semenkovich CF, Coleman T, Fiedorek FT (1995: Human fatty acid synthase mRNA: tissue distribution, genetic mapping, and kinetics of decay after glucose deprivation. J Lipid Res 36: 1507–1521
Schürer NY (1996) Fettsäure bindende Proteine humaner Keratinozyten. Hensel-Hohenhausen-Verlag, Egelsbuch (Germany), 25–30
Buddecke (1977) Grundriss der Biochemie, 5th edn. De Gruyter, Berlin, 203–204
Sprecher H, Luthrea DL, Mohammed BS, Baykousheva SV (1995) Reevaluation of the pathways for the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Lipid Res 36: 2471–2477
Feingold KR, Brown BE, Lear SR, Moser AM (1983) Localisation of de novo sterolo-genesis in mammalian skin. J Invest Dermatol 81: 365–369
Monger DJ, Williams ML, Feingold KR, Brown BE, Elias PM (1988) Localisation of sites of lipid biosynthesis in mammalian epidermis J Lipid Res 29: 603–612
Protey C (1976): Essential fatty acids and the skin. Br J Dermatol 94: 579–583
Elias PM, Brown BE (1978): The mammalian cutaneous permeability barrier: defective barrier function in essential fatty acid defiency correlates with abnormal intercellular lipid deposition. Lab Invest 39: 574–583
Proksch E, Feingold KR, Elias PM (1991): Barrier function regulates epidermal lipid and DNA synthesis. J Clin Invest 87: 1668–1673
Proksch E, KR Feingold, PM Elias (1992) Epidermal HMG CoA reductase activity in essential fatty acid deficiency: barrier requirements rather than eicosanoid generation regulate cholesterol synthesis. J Invest Dermatol 99: 216–220
Proksch E, WW Holleran, GK Menon, PM Elias, KR Feingold (1993) Barrier function regulates epidermal lipid and DNA synthesis. Br J Dermatol 128: 473–482
Horrobin DF, Morse PF (1985): Evening primrose oil and atopic dermatitis. Lancet 345: 260–261
Horrobin DF (1989) Essential fatty acids in clinical dermatology. J Am hcad Dermatol 20:1045–1053
Sprecher H, Luthria DL, Mohammed BS, Baykousheva SV (1995) Reevaluation of the pathways for the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Lipid Res 36: 2471–2477
Schürer NY, Stremmel W, Grundmann JU, Schliep V, Kleinert H, Bass NM, Williams ML (1994) Evidence for a novel keratinocyte fatty acid uptake mechanism with preference for acid: Comparison of oleic and linoleic acid uptake by cultured human ker-atinocytes, fibroblasts and a human hepatoma cell line. Biochim Biophys Acta 1211: 51–60
Lampe MA, Burlingame AL, Whitney J, Williams ML, Brown BE, Roitman E, Elias PM (1983) Human stratum corneum lipids: characterization and regional variations. J Lipid Res 24: 120–130
Menon GK, Grayson S, Elias PM (1986) Cytochemical and biochemical localisation of lipase and sphingomyelinase activity in mammalian epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 86: 591–597
Wertz PW, Downing DT (1982) Glucolipids in mammalian epidermis: structure and function in the water barrier. Science 217: 1261–1262
Kerscher M, Korting HC, Schäfer-Korting (1991) Skin ceramides: structure and function. Eur J Dermatol 1: 39–43
Wertz PW, Downing DT (1990) Metabolism of linoleic acid in porcine epidermis. J Lipid Res 31: 1839–1844
Robson KJ, Stewart ME, Michelsen S, Lazo ND, Downing DT (1994) 6-Hydroxy-4-sphingenine in human epidermal ceramides. J Lipid Res 35: 2060–2068
Bouwstra JA, Gooris GS, Dubbelaar TER, Weerheim AM, Izerman AP, Ponec M (1998) Role of ceramide 1 in the molecular organization of the stratum corneum lipids. J Lipid Res 39: 186–196, 1998
Grubauer G, Feingold KR, Elias PM (1987) Relationship of epidermal lipogenesis to cutaneous barrier function. J Lipid Res 28: 746–752
Ottey AK, Ladonna C, Grunfeld C, Elias PM, Feingold KR (1995) Cutaneous permeability barrier disruption increases fatty acid synthetic enzyme activity in the epidermis of hairless mice. J Invest Dermatol 104: 401–404
Mao-Qiang M, Elias PM, Feingold KR (1993) Fatty acids are required for epidermal peremeability barrier function. J Clin Invest 92: 791–798
Harris IR, Farrell AM, Grundfeld C, Holleran WM, Elias PM, Feingold KR (1997) Permeability barrier disruption regulates mRNA levels for key enzymes of cholesterol, fatty acid and ceramide synthesis in the epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 109: 783–789
Menon GK, Grayson S, Elias PM (1985) Ionic calcium reservoirs in mammalian epidermis: ultrastructural localisation by ion-capture cytochemistry. J Invest Dermatol 84: 508–512
Menon GK, Elias PM (1991) Ultrastructural localisation of calcium in psoriatic and normal human epidermis. Arch Dermatol 127: 57–63
Lee SH, Elias PM, Proksch E, Menon GK, Mao-Qiang M, Feingold KR (1992) Calcium and potassium are important regulators of barrier homeostasis in murine epidermis. J Clin Invest 89: 530–588
Wood LC, Jackson SM, Elias PM, Grunfeld C, Feingold KR (1992) Cutaneous barrier pertubation stimulates cytokine production in the epidermis of mice. J Clin Invest 90: 482–487
Nickoloff BJ, Naidu Y (1994) Pertubation of epidermal barrier function correlates with initiation of cytokine cascade in human skin. J Am Acad Dermatol 30: 535–546
Hardardottir J, Moser A, Menon R, Grunfeld C, Feingold KR (1994) Effects of TNF, Il-1 and the combination of both cytokines on cholesterol metabolism in Syrian hamster. Lymphokine Cytokine Res 13: 161–166
Liou A, Elias PM, Grunfeld C, Feingold KR, Wood LC (1997) Amphiregulin and nerve growth factor expression are regulated by barrier status in murine epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 108: 73–77
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer Basel AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Proksch, E. (1999). Biosynthesis of fatty acids in the skin and their role in epidermal barrier function. In: Schröder, JM. (eds) Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Progress in Inflammation Research. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8761-8_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8761-8_1
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-9762-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-8761-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive