Abstract
Airway inflammation is fundamental to the disease process in chronic asthma. Different components of the immune system play important roles in perpetuating and orchestrating this inflammatory response. Many types of cells are involved, the airway epithelium is shed; eosinophils, T lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear cells, mast cells, and macrophages are present in an activated state and release proinflammatory mediators, cytokines and growth factors. From inflammation, a process of healing and repair may follow and this has been postulated to lead to remodeling of the airways.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Corrigan C, Kay AB (1992) T cells and eosinophils in the pathogenesis of asthma. Immunol Today 13: 501–507
Marone G, Columbo M, Galeone D, Guidi G, Kagey-Sobotka A, Lichtenstein LM et al (1986) Modulation of the release of histamine and arachidonic acid metabolites from human basophils and mast cells by auranofin. Agents Actions 18: 100–102
Bernstein DI, Bernstein IL, Bodenheimer SS, Pietrusko RG (1988) An open study of auranofin in the treatment of steroid-dependent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 81: 6–16
Nierop G, Gitjzel WP, Bel EH, Zwinderman AH, Dijkman KH (1992) Auranofin in the treatment of steroid-dependent asthma: a double blind study. Thorax 47: 349–354
Honma M, Tamura G, Shirato K, Takishima T (1994) Effect of an oral gold compound auranofin, on non-specific bronchial hyper-responsiveness in mild asthma. Thorax 49: 649–651
Bernstein IL, Bernstein DI, Dubb JW, Faiferman I, Wallin B et al (1996) A placebo-controlled multicentre study of auroanofin in the treatment of patients with corticosteroid-dependent asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 98: 317–324
Goldstein JA (1983) Hydroxychloroquine for asthma (letter). Am Rev Resp Dis 128: 1100–1101
Roberts JA, Gunneberg A, Elliott JA, Thomson NC (1988) Hydroxychloroquine in steroid dependent asthma. Pulm Pharmacol 1: 59–61
Charous BL (1990) Open study of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of severe symptomatic or corticosteroid-dependent asthma. Ann Allergy 65: 53–58
Mullarkey MF, Blumenstein BA, Pierre Andrade W, Bailey GA, Olason I, Wetzel CE (1988) Methotrexate in the treatment of corticosteroid-dependant asthma. New Engl J Med 318: 603–607
Shiner RJ, Nunn AL, Fan Chung K, Geddes DM (1990) Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of methotrexate in steroid-dependent asthma. Lancet 336: 137–140
Marin GM (1997) Low-dose methotrexate spares steroid usage in steroid-dependent asthmatic patients. Chest 112: 29–33
Kuitert LM, Harrison AC (1991) Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia as a complication of methotrexate treatment of asthma. Thorax 46: 936–937
Vallerand H, Cossart C, Milosevic D, Lavaud F, Leone J (1992) Fatal pneumocystis pneumonia in asthmatics patient treated with methotrexate. Lancet 339: 1551
Gatnash AA, Connolly CK (1995) Fatal chickenpox pneumonia in an asthmatic patient on oral steroids and methotrexate. Thorax 50: 422–423
Altz-Smith M, Kendall LGJ, Stamm AM (1987) Cryptococcosis associated with low-dose methotrexate for arthritis. Am J Med 83: 179–181
Keegan JM, Byrd JW (1988) Nocardiosis associated with low dose methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis (letter). J Rheumatol 15: 1585–1586
Asmundsson T, Kilburn KH, Lazzlo J, Krock CJ (1971) Immunosuppressive therapy of asthma. J Allergy 47: 136–147
Hodges NG, Brewis RAL, Howell JBL (1971) An evaluation of azathioprine in severe chronic asthma. Thorax 26: 734–739
Kahan BD (1989) Cyclosporin. New Engl J Med 321: 1725–1738
Cirillo R, Triggiani M, Sirih et al (1990) Cyclosporin A rapidly inhibits mediator release from human basophils presumably by interacting with cyclophilin. J Immunol 144: 389–397
Alexander AG, Barnes NC, Kay AB (1992) Trial of cyclosporin in corticosteroid-dependent chronic severe asthma. Lancet 339: 324–328
Nizankowska E, Soja J, Pinis G, Bochenek G, Sladek K, Domagala B, Pajak A, Szczeklik A (1995) Treatment of steroid-dependent bronchial asthma with cyclosporin. Eur Respir J 8: 1091–1099
Lock SH, Kay AB, Barnes NC (1996) Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of cyclosporin A as a corticosteroid-sparing agent in corticosteroid-dependent asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153: 509–514
Sihra BS, Kon OM, Durham SR, Walker S, Barnes NC, Kay AB (1997) Effect of cyclosporin A on the allergen-induced late asthmatic reaction. Thorax 52: 447–452
Bussel JB, Szatrowski TP (1995) Uses of intravenous gammaglobulin in immune haematologic disease. Immunol Invest 24: 451–456
Mazer BD, Gelfand EW (1991) An open-label study of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in severe childhood asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 87: 976–983
Jakobsson T, Croner S, Kjellman N, Pettersson A, Vassella C, Bjorksten B (1994) Slight steroid sparing effect of intravenous immunoglobulin in children and adolescents with moderately severe bronchial asthma. Allergy 49: 413–420
Valacer DJ, Kishiyama JL, Com B, Richmond GW, Bacot B, Glovsky M, Stiehm R, Stocks J, Rosenberg LA, Tonetta SA (1997) A multi-center, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of high dose intravenous gammaglobulin (IVIG) for oral corticosteroid-dependent asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155: A659
Pallares DE, Marshall GS (1992) Acute aseptic meningitis associated with administration of intravenous immunoglobulin. Am J Paediatr Hematol Oncol 14: 279–281
Blasczyk R, Westhoff U, Grosse-Wilde M (1993) Soluble CD4, CD8 and HLA molecules in commercial immunoglobulin preparations. Lancet 341: 789–790
Boitard C, Bach JF (1989) Long-term complications of conventional immunosuppressive treatment. Adv Nephrol 18: 335–354
Muranaka M, Nakajima K, Suzuki S (1981) Bronchial responsiveness to acetylcholine in patients with bronchial asthma after long-term treatment with gold salts. J Allergy Clin Immunol 67: 350–356
Szczeklik A, Nizankowska E, Sladek K (1992) Cyclosporin and asthma (letter). Lancet 339: 873
Mullarkey MF, Lammart JK, Blumenstein BA (1990) Long-term methotrexate treatment in corticosteroid-dependent asthma. Ann Intern Med 112: 577–581
O’Riordan TG, Iacono A, Keenan RJ et al (1995) Delivery and distribution of aerosolized cyclosporine in lung allograft recipients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 151: 516–512
Chang JY, Seagal SN, Bansdach C (1991) FK506 and rapamycin: novel pharmacological probes of the immune response. Trends Pharmacol Sci 12: 218–222
Kon OM, Sihra BS, Compton CH, Leonard TB, Kay AB, Barnes NC (1998) Randomised, dose-ranging, placebo-controlled study of chimeric antibody to CD4 (kelix-imabb) in chronic severe asthma. Lancet 352: 1109–1113
Corrigan CJ, Bungre JK, Assoufi B, Cooper AE, Seddon H, Kay AB (1996) Glucocorticoid resistant asthma: T-lymphocyte steroid metabolism and sensitivity to glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents. Eur Respir J 9: 2077–2086
Mullarkey MF (1997) Methotrexate revisited. Chest 112: 1–2
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer Basel AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Loh, L.C., Barnes, N.C. (1999). Immunomodulators. In: Sampson, A.P., Church, M.K. (eds) Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Asthma. Progress in Inflammation Research. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8751-9_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8751-9_7
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-9757-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-8751-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive