Abstract
In the past few years there has been a growing interest in gene therapy to be used not only for the treatment of inherited, but also acquired, diseases. Although genetic factors have been frequently implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [1], and recent reports suggest mutations of tumor suppressor genes to play a role [2], RA is not caused by a specific genetic mutation. Much more likely it is an acquired disorder with a complex pathogenesis and yet unknown etiology. Gene therapy approaches in diseases such as RA differ from those in defined genetic disorders. Apart from the problem of how to correct a specific genetic abnormality, in RA another question appears to be crucial: that of which pathogenic pathway to modulate. Therefore, a suitable animal model for gene therapy approaches in RA should not only reflect relevant features of human disease but also permit one to analyze alterations in key disease processes as closely as possible to the conditions found in people.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ (1997) Pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Med Clin N Am 81: 29–55
Firestein GS, Echeverri F, Yeo M, Zvaifler NJ, Green DR (1997) Somatic mutations in the p53 suppressor gene in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 10895–10900
Gay S, Gay RE, Koopman WJ (1993) Molecular and cellular mechanisms of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 52: S39–S
Firestein GS (1996) Invasive fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis-passive responders or transformed aggressors. Ann Rheum Dis 39: 1781–1790
Fassbender HG (1983) Histomorphologic basis of articular cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Coll Relat Res 3: 141–155
Lafyatis R, Remmers EF, Roberts AB, Yocum DE, Sporn MB, Wilder RL (1989) Anchorage-independent growth of synoviocytes from arthritic and normal joints. Stimulation by exogenous platelet-derived growth factor and inhibition by transforming growth factor-beta and retinoids. J Clin Invest 83: 1267–1276
Müller-Ladner U, Kriegsmann J, Franklin BN, Matsumoto S, Geiler T, Gay RE, Gay S (1996) Synovial fibroblasts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis attach to and invade normal human cartilage when engrafted into SCID mice. Am J Pathol 149: 1607–1615
Trabandt A, Gay RE, Fassbender HG, Gay S (1991) Cathepsin B in synovial cells at the site of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 34: 1444–1451
Firestein GS, Paine MM (1992) Expression of stromelysin and TIMP in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Am J Pathol 140: 1309–1314
Hummel KM, Petrow PK, Jeisy E, Franz J, Gay RE, Brömme D, Gay S (1997) Cathepsin K mRNA is expressed in synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) at sites of bone destruction. Arthritis Rheum 40: S250(Abstract)
Petrow PK, Hummel KM, Franz J, Kriegsmann J, Müller-Ladner U, Gay RE, Gay S (1997) In situ-detection of MMP13 messenger RNA in the synovial membrane and cartilage-pannus junction in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 40: S336(Abstract)
Mort JS, Dodge GR, Roughley PJ, Liu J, Finch SJ, DiPasquale G, Poole AR (1993) Direct evidence for active metalloproteinase mediating matrix degradation in inter-leukin-1 stimulated human articular cartilage. Matrix 13: 95–102
Okada Y, Konomi H, Yada T, Kimata K, Nagase H (1989) Degradation of type IX collagen by matrix metalloproteinase 3 (stromelysin) from human rheumatoid synovial cells. FEBS Lett 244: 473–476
Ahrens D, Koch AE, Pope RM, Stein-Picarella M, Niedbala MJ (1996) Expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (96-kd gelatinase B) in human rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 39: 1576–1587
Okada Y, Morodomi T, Enghild JJ, Suzuki K, Yasui A, Nakanishi I, Salvesen G, Nagase H (1990) Matrix metalloproteinase 2 from human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Purification and activation of the precursor and enzymic properties. Eur J Biochem 194: 721–730
Okada Y, Nagase H, Harris ED Jr (1987) Matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, and 3 from rheumatoid synovial cells are sufficient to destroy joints. J Rheumatol 14: 41–42
Hiraoka K, Sasaguri Y, Komiya S, Inoue A, Morimatsu M (1992) Cell proliferation-related production of matrix metalloproteinases 1 (tissue collagenase) and 3 (stromelysin) by cultured human rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Biochem Int 27: 1083–1091
Sorsa T, Konttinen YT, Lindy O, Ritchlin C, Saari H, Suomalainen K, Eklund KK, Santavirta S (1992) Collagenase in synovitis of rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 22: 44–53
Xue C, Takahashi M, Hasunuma T, Aono H, Yamamoto K, Yoshino S, Sumida T, Nishioka K (1997) Characterisation of fibroblast-like cells in pannus lesions of patients with rheumatoid arthritis sharing properties of fibroblasts and chondrocytes. Ann Rheum Dis 56: 262–267
Keyszer GM, Heer AH, Kriegsmann J, Geiler T, Trabandt A, Keysser M, Gay RE, Gay S (1995) Comparative analysis of cathepsin L, cathepsin D, and collagenase messenger RNA expression in synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis by in situ hybridization. Arthritis Rheum 38: 976–984
Dayer JM, Beutler B, Cerami A (1985) Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor stimulates collagenase and prostaglandin E2 production by human synovial cells and dermal fibroblasts. J Exp Med 162: 2163–2168
Dayer JM, de Rochemonteix B, Burrus B, Demczuk S, Dinarello A (1986) Human recombinant interleukin-1 stimulates collagenase and protaglandin E2 production by human synovial cells. J Clin Invest 77: 86
Lemaire R, Huet G, Zerimech F, Grard G, Fontaine C, Duquesnoy B, Flipo RM (1997) Selective induction of the secretion of cathepsins B and L by cytokines in synovial fibroblast-like cells. Br J Rheumatol 36: 735–743
Firestein GS, Zvaifler NJ (1997) Anticytokine therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 337: 195–197
Migita K, Eguchi K, Kawabe Y, Ichinose Y, Tsukada T, Aoyagi T, Nakamura H, Nagataki S (1996) TNF-alpha-mediated expression of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Immunology 89: 553–557
Alvaro Gracia JM, Zvaifler NJ, Brown CB, Kaushansky K, Firestein GS (1991) Cytokines in chronic inflammatory arthritis. VI. Analysis of the synovial cells involved in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor production and gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis and its regulation by IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Immunol 146: 3365–3371
Remmers EF, Lafyatis R, Kumkumian GK, Case JP, Roberts AB, Sporn MB, Wilder RL (1990) Cytokines and growth regulation of synoviocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and rats with streptococcal cell wall arthritis. Growth Factors 2: 179–188
O’SulliVan FX, Gay RE, Gay S (1995) Spontaneous arthritis models. In: B Henderson, JCW Edwards, ER Pettipher (eds): Mechanisms and models in theumatoid arthritis. Academic Press, London, 471–483
Bosma GC, Custer RP, Bosma MJ (1983) A severe combined immunodeficiency mutation in the mouse. Nature 301: 527–530
Vladutiu AO (1993) The severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse as a model for the study of autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 93: 1–8
Mosier DE, Gulizia RJ, Baird SM, Wilson DB (1988) Transfer of a functional human immune system to mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. Nature 335: 256–259
Tighe H, Silverman GJ, Kozin F, Tucker R, Gulizia R, Peebles C, Lotz M, Rhodes G, Machold K, Mosier DE et al (1990) Autoantibody production by severe combined immunodeficient mice reconstituted with synovial cell from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Eur J Immunol 20: 1843–1848
Brinckerhoff CE, Harris ED (1981) Survival of rheumatoid synovium implanted into nude mice. Am J Pathol 103: 411–419
Adams CD, Zhou T, Mountz JD (1990) Transplantation of human rheumatoid synovium into a SCID mouse as a model for disease activity. Arthritis Rheum 33: S120(Abstract)
Rendt KE, Barry TS, Jones DM, Richter CE, McCachren SS, Haynes BF (1991) An in vivo model of human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using RA synovium engrafted into severe combined immune-deficient (SCID) mice. FASEB J 5: 1371(Abstract)
Rendt KE, Barry TS, Jones DM, Richter CE, McCachren SS, Haynes BF (1993) Engraftment of human synovium into severe combined deficient (SCID) mice: migration of human peripheral blood T-cells to engrafted human synovium and to mouse lymph nodes. J tImmunol 151: 7324–7336
Geiler T, Kriegsmann J, Keyszer GM, Gay RE, Gay S (1994) A new model for rheuma toid arthritis generated by engraftment of rheumatoid synovial tissue and normal human cartilage into SCID mice. Arthritis Rheum 37: 1664–1671
Bosma GC, Fried M, Custer RP, Carroll A, Bosma MJ (1988) Evidence of functional lymphocytes in some (leaky) scid mice. N Engl J Med 167: 1016–1033
Müller-Ladner U, Roberts CR, Franklin BN, Gay RE, Robbins PD, Evans CH, Gay S (1997) Human IL-1Ra gene transfer into human synovial fibroblasts is chondroprotective. J Immunol 158: 3492–3498
Kriegsmann J, Müller-Ladner U, Gay RE, Gay S (1997) Molecular immunopathology. In: LA Herzenberg, C Blackwell, D Weir (eds): The handbook of experimental immunology. 133. 1-133.16
Kriegsmann J, Keyszer GM, Geiler T, Bräuer R, Gay RE, Gay S (1993) Expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 mRNA and protein in rheumatoid arthritis synovium demonstrated by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Lab Invest 68: 682–688
Firestein GS, Alvaro Gracia JM, Maki R (1990) Quantitative analysis of cytokine gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis. J Immunol 144: 3347–3353
Henderson B, Pettipher ER (1989) Arthritogenic actions of recombinant IL-1 and tumour necrosis factor alpha in the rabbit: evidence for synergistic interactions between cytokines in vivo. Clin Exp Immunol 75: 306–
Harigai M, Hara M, Kitani A, Norioka K, Hirose T, Hirose W, Suzuki K, Kawakami M, Masuda K, Shinmei M et al (1991) Interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha synergistically increase the production of interleukin 6 in human synovial fibroblast. J Clin Lab Immunol 34: 107–113
Arend WP (1993) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Adv Immunol 54: 167–227
Berger AE, Carter DB, Hankey SO, McEwan RN (1993) Cytokine regulation of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein in U937 cells. Eur J Immunol 23: 39–45
Firestein GS, Boyle DL, Yu C, Paine MM, Whisenand TD, Zvaifler NJ, Arend WP (1994) Synovial interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-1 balance in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 37: 644–652
Chikanza IC, Roux-Lombard P, Dayer JM, Panayi GS (1995) Dysregulation of the in vivo production of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Pathogenetic implications. Arthritis Rheum 38: 642–648
Brennan FM, Maini RN, Feldmann M (1992) TNF alpha-a pivotal role in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 31: 293–298
Borden P, Heller RA (1997) Transcriptional control of matrix metalloproteinases and the tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr 7: 159–178
Dayer JM, Burger D (1994) Interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor and their specific inhibitors. Eur Cytokine Netw 5: 563–571
Probert L, Plows D, Kontogeorgos G, Kollias G (1995) The type 1 interleukin-1 receptor acts in series with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to induce arthritis in TNF transgenic mice. Eur J Immunol 25: 1794–1797
Weckmann AL, Alcocer Varela J (1996) Cytokine inhibitors in autoimmune disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum 26: 539–557
Williams RO, Ghrayeb J, Feldmann M, Maini RN (1995) Successful therapy of collagen-induced arthritis with TNF receptor-IgG fusion protein and combination with anti-CD4. Immunology 84: 433–439
Moreland LW, Baumgartner SW, Schiff MH, Tindall EA, Fleischmann RM, Weaver AL, Ettlinger RE, Cohen S, Koopman WJ, Mohler K et al (1997) treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor (p75)-Fc-fusion protein. N Engl J Med 337: 141–147
Geng Y, Gulbins E, Altman A, Lotz M (1994) Monocyte deactivation by interleukin 10 via inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity and the Ras signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 8602–8606
Maini RN, Elliott M, Brennan FM, Williams RO, Feldmann M (1997) TNF blockade in rheumatoid arthritis: implications for therapy and pathogenesis. APMIS 105: 257–263
Evans CH, Robbins PD, Ghivizzani SC, Herndon JH, Kang R, Bahnson AB, Barranger JA, Elders EM, Gay S, Tomaino MM et al (1996) Clinical trial to assess the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of transferring a potentially anti-arthritic cytokine gene to human joints with rheumatoid arthritis. Hum Gene Ther 7: 1261–1280
Evans CH, Robbins PD (1996) Pathways to gene therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 8: 230–234
Nita I, Ghivizzani SC, Galea Lauri J, Bandara G, Georgescu HI, Robbins PD, Evans CH (1996) Direct gene delivery to synovium. An evaluation of potential vectors in vitro and in vivo. Arthritis Rheum 39: 820–
Müller-Ladner U, Franklin BN, Roberts CR, Gay RE, Robbins PD, Evans CH, Gay S (1996) Gene transfer of interleukin-10 into human synovial fibroblasts and implantation into the SCID mouse. Arthritis Rheum 39: S160 (Abstract)
Müller-Ladner U, Roberts CR, Franklin BN, Gay RE, Robbins PD, Evans, CH, Gay S (1996) Gene transfer of TNF-alpha receptor p55 into human synovial fibroblasts and implantation into the SCID mouse. Arthritis Rheum 39: S307 (Abstract)
Trabandt A, Aicher WK, Gay RE, Sukhatme VP, Fassbender HG, Gay S (1992) Spontaneous expression of immediately-early response genes c-fos and egr-1 in collagenase-producing rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Rheumatol Int 12: 53–59
Hummel KM, Petrow PK, Nawrath M, Müller-Ladner U, Neidhart M, Pavlovic J, Gay RE, Möiling K, Gay S (1997) Retroviral gene transfer of a c-Raf dominant negative mutant does not inhibit synovial fibroblasts (SF) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to invade normal human cartilage in the SCID mouse model. Arthritis Rheum 40: S120 (Abstract)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2000 Springer Basel AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Pap, T., Müller-Ladner, U., Hummel, K.M., Gay, R.E., Gay, S. (2000). Cartilage erosion in rheumatoid arthritis: studies in SCID mouse model. In: Evans, C.H., Robbins, P.D. (eds) Gene Therapy in Inflammatory Diseases. Progress in Inflammation Research. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8478-5_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8478-5_3
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-9584-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-8478-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive