Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Progress in Inflammation Research ((PIR))

Abstract

Inflammatory processes during Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may be considered as part of a larger manifold of oxidative and inflammatory processes that slowly develop during aging in many tissue beds throughout the organism as well as in the brain. Other chapters in this volume have described the many cellular and molecular interactions between aggregates of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) and inflammatory system components. In considering whether inflammatory processes are primary or secondary during AD and in aging, we discuss evidence that inflammatory processes are associated with amyloid formation in many tissues. We also point out similarities and differences between AD and brain aging changes in humans and in various laboratory models. Moreover, some experimental and clinical interventions of aging in the brain and in non-neural tissues may work by modulating oxidative and inflammatory processes through systemic physiological factors. Thus, inflammatory processes during AD could be considered in a larger systemic context of age-related pathobiology which we designate the gero-inflammatory manifold (Fig. 1).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Alzheimer A (1907) Uber eine einartige Erkrankung der Hindrinde. In: E Schultze, O Snell (eds):Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie und Psychisch-Gerichtliche Medizin. 64: 146–148. Translated as “A characteristic disease of the cerebral cortex”. In: K Bick, L Amaducci, G Pepeu (eds):The early story of Alzheimer’s disease. Livonia Press, Padova Italy, distributed through Raven Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  2. Akiyama H, Barger S, Barnum S, Bradt B, Bauer J, Cole GM, Cooper NR, Eikelenboom P, Emmerling M, Fiebich BL et al (2000) Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease.Neurobiol Aging21: 383–421

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Terry RD, Gonatas NK, Weiss M (1964) Ultrastructural studies in Alzheimer’s presenile dementia.Am J Pathol44: 269–297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Goldsmith SK, Wals P, Rozovsky I, Morgan TE, Finch CE (1997) Kainic acid and decorticating lesions stimulate the synthesis of C1q protein in adult rat brain.J Neurochem68: 2046–2052

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Johnson SA, Pasinetti GM, Finch CE (1994) Expression of complement C1qB and C4 mRNAs during rat brain development.Devel Brain Res80: 163–174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Finch CE, Marchalonis J (1996) An evolutionary perspective on amyloid and inflammatory features of Alzheimer disease.Neurobiol Aging17: 809–815

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Hoffman JA, Kafatos FC, Janeway Jr CA, Ezekowitz RAB (1999) Phylogenetic perspectives in innate immunity. Science 284: 1313–1318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Yasojima K, Schwab C, McGeer EG, McGeer PL (1999) Up-regulated production and activation of the complement system in Alzheimer’s disease brain.Am J Pathol154: 927–936

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Morgan TE, Xie Z, Goldsmith S, Yoshida T, Lanzrein A-S, Stone D, Rozovsky I, Perry G, Smith MA, Finch CE (1999) The mosaic of brain glial hyperactivity during normal aging and its attenuation by food restriction.Neuroscience89: 687–699

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Gordon MN, Schreier WA, Ou X, Holcomb LA, Morgan DG (1997) Exaggerated astrocyte reactivity after nigrostriatal deafferentation in the aged rat.J Comp Neurol388: 106–119

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Landfield PW (1994) The role of glucocorticoids in brain aging and Alzheimer’s disease: an integrative physiological hypothesis.Exp Gerontol29: 3–11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Lindsay JD, Landfield PW, Lynch G (1979) Early onset and topographical distribution of hypertrophied astrocytes in hippocampus of aging rats: a quantitative study.J Gerontol34: 661–671

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Pasinetti GM, Hassler M, Stone D, Finch CE (1999) Glial gene expression during aging in rat striatum and in long-term responses to 6-OHDA lesions.Synapse31: 278–284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Perry VH, Matyszak M, Fearn S (1993) Altered antigen expression of microglia in aged rodent CNS. Glia 7: 60–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Finch CE, Morgan TE, Rozovsky I, Xie Z, Weindruch R, Prolla T (2001) Microglia and aging in the brain. In: WJ Streit (ed):Microglia in the degenerating and regenerating CNS. Springer Verlag, New York (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bolaños JP, Medina JM (1996) Induction of nitric oxide synthase inhibits gap junction permeability in cultured rat astrocytes.J Neurochem66: 2091–2099

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Tolias CM, McNeil CJ, Kazlauskaite J, Hillhouse EW (1999) Superoxide generation from constitutive nitric oxide synthase in astrocytesin vitroregulates extracellular nitric oxide availability.Free Rad Biol Med26: 99–106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Geula C, Wu CK, Saroff D, Lorenzo A, Yuan M, Yankner BA (1998) Aging renders the brain vulnerable to amyloid beta-protein neurotoxicity.Nat Med4:827–831

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Rozovsky I, Finch CE, Morgan TE (1998) Age-related activation of microglia and astrocytes:in vitrostudies show persistence of phenotypes of aging, increased proliferation, and resistance to down-regulation.Neurobiol Aging19: 97–103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Morgan TE, Rozovsky I, Goldsmith SK, Stone DJ, Yoshida T, Finch CE (1997) Increased transcription of the astrocyte gene GFAP during middle-age is attenuated by food restriction: implications for the role of oxidative stress.Free Rad Biol Med23: 524–528

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Long JM, Kalehua AN, Muth NJ, Calhoun ME, Jucker M, Hengemihle JM, Ingram DK, Mouton PR (1998) Stereological analysis of astrocyte and microglia in aging mouse hippocampus.Neurobiol Aging19: 497–503

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Nichols NR, Day JR, Laping NJ, Johnson SA, Finch CE (1993) GFAP mRNA increases with age in rat and human brain.Neurobiol Aging14: 421–429

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hansen L.A., Armstrong, D.M., and Terry, R.D. (1987) An immunohistochemical quantification of fibrous astrocytes in the aging human cerebral cortex.Neurobiol Aging8: 1–6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wei M, Rozovsky I, Lopez LM, Morgan TE, Finch CE (1999) Oxidative stress and the GFAP promoter.Soc Neurosci Abstr25: 1317

    Google Scholar 

  25. Krohn K, Rozovsky I, Wals P, Teter B, Anderson CP, Finch CE (1999) Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) transcription responses to TGF-β1 and IL-1β are mediated by an NF-1 like site in the near-upstream promoter.J Neurocbem72: 1353–1361

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Jucker M, Walker LC, Kuo H, Tian M, Ingram DK (1994) Age-related fibrillar deposits in brains of C57BL/6 mice. A review of localization, staining characteristics, and strain specificity.Mol Neurobiol9: 125–133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Takao T, Nagano I, Tojo C, Takemura T, Makino S, Hashimoto K, De Souza EB (1996) Age-related reciprocal modulation of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-1 receptors in the mouse brain-endocrine-immune axis.Neuroimmunomodulation3: 205–212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Murray CA, McGahon B, McBennett S, Lynch MA (1997) Interleukin-1 beta inhibits glutamate release in hippocampus of young, but not aged, rats.Neurobiol Aging18: 343–348

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Cavanagh JB (1999) Corpora-amylacea and the family of polyglucosan diseases.Brain Res Brain Res Rev29: 265–295

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Singhrao SK, Morgan BP, Neal JW, Newman GR (1995) A functional role for corpora amylacae based on evidence from complement studies.Neurodegeneration4: 335–345

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Loeffler DA, Brickman CM, Juneau PL, Perry MF, Pomara N, Lewitt PA (1997) Cerebrospinal fluid C3a increases with age, but does not increase further in Alzheimer’s disease.Neurobiol Aging18: 555–557

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Smyth MD, Cribbs DH, Tenner AJ, Shankle WR, Dick M, Kesslak JP, Cotman CW (1994) Decreased levels of C1q in cerebrospinal fluid of living Alzheimer patients correlate with disease state.Neurobiol Aging15: 609–614

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ross R (1999) Mechanisms of disease: atherosclerosis — an inflammatory disease.N Engl J Med340: 115–126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Ballou SP, Kushner I (1997) Chronic inflammation in older people: recognition, consequences, and potential intervention.Clin Geriatr Med13: 653–659

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Gabay C, Kushner I (1999) Mechanisms of disease: acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation.N Engl J Med340: 448–454

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Ricevuti G (1996) Host tissue damage by phagocytes.Ann NY Acad Sci832: 426–448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Song DK, IM YB, Jung JS, Suh HW, Huh SO, Song JH, Kim YH (1999) Central injection of nicotine increases hepatic and splenic interleukin 6 (IL-6) mRNA expression and plasma IL-6 levels in mice: involvement of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system.FASEB J13: 1259–1267

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Ershler WB, Keller ET (2000) Age-associated increased interleukin-6 gene expression, late-life diseases, and frailty.Annu Rev Med51: 245–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Cheleuitte D, Mizuno S, Glowacki J (1998)In vitrosecretion of cytokines by human bone marrow: effects of age and estrogen status.J Clin Endocrinol Metab83: 2043–2051

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Cohen HJ, Pieper CF, Harris T, Rao KM, Currie MS (1997) The association of plasma IL-6 levels with functional disability in community-dwelling elderly.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci52: M201–M208

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Roubenoff R, Harris TB, Abad LW, Wilson PW, Dallal GE, Dinarello CA (1998) Monocyte cytokine production in an elderly population: effect of age and inflammation.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci53: M20–M26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Pickup JC, Battock MB, Chusney GD, Burt D (1997) NIDDM as a disease of the innate immune system: association of acute-phase reactants and interleukin-6 with metabolic syndrome X.Diabetologia40: 1286–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Baggio G, Donazzan S, Monti D, Mari D, Martini S, Gabelli C, Dalla Vestra M, Previato L, Guido M, Pigozzo S et al (1998) Lipoprotein(a) and lipoprotein profile in healthy centenarians: a reappraisal of vascular risk factors.FASEB J12: 433–437

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Walter R, Murasko DM, Sierra F (1998) T-kininogen is a biomarker of senescence in rats.Mech Ageing Dev106: 129–144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ferrucci L, Harris TB, Guralnik JM, Tracy RP, Corti MC, Cohen HJ, Penninx B, Pahor M, Wallace R, Havlik RJ (1999) Serum IL-6 level and the development of disability in older persons.J Am Geriatr Soc47: 639–646

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Paolisso G, Rizzo MR, Mazziotti G, Tagliamonte MR, Gambardella A, Rotondi M, Carella C, Giugliano D, Varricchio M, D’Onofrio F (1998) Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I are related to age and not to body composition in healthy women and men.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci53: M176–M182

    Google Scholar 

  47. Lanzrein AS, Johnston CM, Perry VH, Jobst KA, King EM, Smith AD (1998) Longitudinal study of inflammatory factors in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain tissue in Alzheimer disease: interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, the soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors I and II, and alphal-antichymotrypsin.Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord12: 215–227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Davila DR, Edwards CK 3rd, Arkins S, Simon J, Kelley KW (1990) Interferon-gammainduced priming for secretion of superoxide anion and tumor necrosis factor-alpha declines in macrophages from aged rats.FASEB J4: 2906–2911

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Varga Z, Jacob MP, Robert L, Csongor J, Fulop T Jr (1997) Age-dependent changes of K-elastin stimulated effector functions of human phagocytic cells: relevance for atherogenesis.Exp Gerontol32: 653–662

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Alvarez E, Conde M, Machado A, Sobrino F, Santa Maria C (1995) Decrease in free-radical production with age in rat peritoneal macrophages.Biochem J312: 555–560

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Rollo EE, Denhardt DT (1996) Differential effects of osteopontin on the cytotoxic activity of macrophages from young and old mice.Immunology88: 642–647

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Cornwell GG 3rd, Johnson KH, Westermark P (1995) The age related amyloids: a growing family of unique biochemical substances.J Clin Pathol48: 984–989

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Kunze WP (1979) Senile pulmonary amyloidosis. Pathol Res Pract 164: 413–422

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Pepys MB (1988) Amyloidosis. In: Samter M (ed):Immunological diseasesvol I. 4th edition Little, Brown and Co, Boston MA, 631–674

    Google Scholar 

  55. Schwartz P (1970)Amyloidosis: Cause and manifestations of senile deterioration. CC Thomas, Springfield ILL

    Google Scholar 

  56. Gafni A (1997) Structural modifications of proteins during aging.JAGS45: 871–880

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Sipe JD (1994) Amyloidosis.Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci31: 325–354

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Bickerstaff MC, Botto M, Hutchinson WL, Herbert J, Tennent GA, Bybee A, Mitchell DA, Cook HT, Butler PJ, Walport MJ et al (1999) Serum amyloid P component controls chromatin degradation and prevents antinuclear autoimmunity.Nat Med5: 694–697

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Price DL, Tanzi RE, Borchelt DR, Sisodia SS (1998) Alzheimer’s disease: genetic studies and transgenic models.Annu Rev Genet32: 461–493

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Joachim CL, Mori H, Selkoe DJ (1989) Amyloid beta-protein deposition in tissues other than brain in Alzheimer’s disease.Nature341: 226–230

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Wen GY, Wisniewski HM, Blondal H, Benedikz E, Frey H, Pirttila T, Rudelli R, Kim KS (1994) Presence of non-fibrillar amyloid beta protein in skin biopsies of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Down’s syndrome and non-AD normal persons.Acta Neuropathol (Berlin)88: 201–206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. McCarthy RE 3rd, Kasper EK (1998) A review of the amyloidoses that infiltrate the heart.Clin Cardiol21: 547–552

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Westermark P, Mucchiano G, Marthin T, Johnson KH, Sletten K (1995) Apolipoprotein Al-derived amyloid in human aortic atherosclerotic plaques. AmJ Pathol147: 1186–1192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kawamura S, Takahashi M, Ishihara T, Uchino F (1995) Incidence and distribution of isolated atrial amyloid: histologic and immunohistochemical studies of 100 aging hearts.Pathol Int45: 335–342

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Jacobson DR, Pastore RD, Yaghoubian R, Kane I, Gallo G, Buck FS, Buxbaum JN (1997) Variant-sequence transthyretin (isoleucine 122) in late-onset cardiac amyloidosis in black Americans.N Engl J Med336: 466–473

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Tekirian TL, Cole GM, Russell MJ, Yang F, Wekstein DR, Patel E, Snowdon DA, Markesbery WR, Geddes JW (1996) Carboxy terminal of beta-amyloid deposits in aged human, canine, and polar bear brains.Neurobiol Aging17: 249–257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Wegiel J, Wisniewski HM, Dziewiatkowski J, Tarnawski M, Dziewiatkowska A, Morys J, Soltysiak Z, Kim KS (1996) Subpopulation of dogs with severe brain parenchymal beta amyloidosis distinguished with cluster analysis.Brain Res728: 20–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Uchida K, Okuda R, Yamaguchi R, Tateyama S, Nakayama H, Goto N (1993) Double-labeling immunohistochemical studies on canine senile plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy.J Vet Med Sci55: 637–642

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Head E, Callahan H, Muggenburg BA, Cotman CW, Milgram NW (1998) Visual-dis-crimination learning ability and beta-amyloid accumulation in the dog.Neurobiol Aging19: 415–425

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Higuchi K, Kitagawa K, Naiki H, Hanada K, Hosokawa M, Takeda T (1991) Polymorphism of apolipoprotein A-II (apoA-II) among inbred strains of mice. Relationship between the molecular type of apoA-II and mouse senile amyloidosis.Biochem J279: 427–433

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Kohno A, Yonezu T, Matsushita M, Irino M, Higuchi K, Higuchi K, Takeshita S, Hosokawa M, Takeda T (1985) Chronic food restriction modulates the advance of senescence in the senescence accelerated mouse (SAM).J Nutr115:1259–1266

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Wyss-Coray T, Masliah E, Mallory M, McConlogue L, Johnson-Wood K, Lin C, Mucke L (1997) Amyloidogenic role of cytokine TGF-betal in transgenic mice and in Alzheimer’s disease.Nature389: 603–606

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Kisilevsky R (1994) Inflammation-associated amyloidogenesis: Lessons for Alzheimer’s amyloidogenesis.Mol Neurobiol8: 65–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Buxbaum JN, Tagoe CE (2000) The genetics of the amyloidoses.Annu Rev Med51: 543–569

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Urban BA, Fishman EK, Goldman SM, Scott WW Jr, Jones B, Humphrey RL, Hruban RH (1993) CT evaluation of amyloidosis: spectrum of disease.Radiographics13: 1295–1308

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Ehlerding G, Schaeffer J, Drommer W, Miyata T, Koch KM, Floege J (1998) Alterations of synovial tissue and their potential role in the deposition of beta2-microglobulin-associated amyloid.Nephrol Dialysis Transplant13: 1465–1475

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Finch CE, Cohen DM (1996) Aging, metabolism, and Alzheimer disease: review and hypotheses.Exp Neurol143: 82–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Kristal BS, Yu BP (1992) An emerging hypothesis: synergistic induction of aging by free radicals and Maillard reactions.J Gerontol47: B107–B114

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Sell DR, Lane MA, Johnson WA, Masoro EJ, Mock OB, Reiser KM, Fogarty JF, Cutler RG, Ingram DK, Roth GS et al (1996) Longevity and the genetic determination of collagen glycoxidation kinetics in mammalian senescence.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA93: 485–490

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Wolffenbuttel BH, Boulanger CM, Crijns FR, Huijberts MS, Poitevin P, Swennen GN, Vasan S, Egan JJ, Ulrich P, Cerami A, Levy BI (1998) Breakers of advanced glycation end products restore large artery properties in experimental diabetes.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA95: 4630–4634

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Li JJ, Dickson D, Hof P, Vlassara H (1998) Receptors for advanced glycosylation end-products in human brain: role in brain homeostasis.Mol Med4: 46–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Mackic JB, Stins M, McComb JG, Calero M, Ghiso J, Kim KS, Yan SD, Stern D, Schmidt AM, Frangione B et al (1998) Human blood-brain barrier receptors for Alzheimer’s amyloid-beta 1–40. Asymmetrical binding, endocytosis, and transcytosis at the apical side of brain microvascular endothelial cell monolayer.J Clin Invest102: 734–743

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Miyata T, Ishiguro N, Yasuda Y, Ito T, Nangaku M, Iwata H, Kurokawa K (1998) Increased pentosidine, an advanced glycation end product, in plasma and synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and its relation with inflammatory markers.Biochem Biophys Res Commun244: 45–49

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Masoro EJ (1998) Hormesis and the antiaging action of dietary restriction.Exp Gerontol33: 61–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Sohal RS, Weindruch R (1996) Oxidative stress, caloric restriction, and aging.Science273: 59–63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Klebanov S, Diais S, Stavinoha WB, Suh Y, Nelson JF (1995) Hyperadrenocorticism, attenuated inflammation, and the life-prolonging action of food restriction in mice.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci50: B79–82

    Google Scholar 

  87. MacKenzie IRA, Munoz DG (1998) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and Alzheimer-type pathology in aging.Neurology50: 986–990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Finch CE, Felicio LS, Mobbs CV, Nelson JF (1984) Ovarian and steroidal influences on neuroendocrine aging processes in female rodents.Endocr Rev5: 467–497

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Sapolsky RM (1992)Stress, the aging brain, and the mechanisms of neuron death. MIT Press

    Google Scholar 

  90. Schipper H, Brawer JR, Nelson JF, Felicio LS, Finch CE (1981) Role of the gonads in the histologic aging of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus.Biol Reprod25: 413–419

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Schipper HM (1996) Astrocytes, brain aging, and neurodegeneration.Neurobiol Aging17: 467–480

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Basel AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Finch, C.E., Longo, V.D. (2001). The gero-inflammatory manifold. In: Rogers, J. (eds) Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms in Alzheimer’s Disease Basic and Clinical Research. Progress in Inflammation Research. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8350-4_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8350-4_13

  • Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-9529-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-8350-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics