Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the result of a complicated cascade of events in blood vessels leading to a reduction in arterial lumen and blockage. The disease may be considered an inflammatory disease, which results from the combined presence of hypercholesterolemia, high blood pressure and an activated renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The progression is through a number of steps involving endothelial cells, monocytes/macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). The progression to complete blockage of the artery is a slow process taking several decades, but the end result can be sudden death, acute myocardial ischemia, or stroke.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Phillips MI, Speakman EA, Kimura B (1992) Levels of angiotensin and molecular biol-ogy of the tissue renin-angiotensin systems. Regul Pep 43: 1–20
Dzau VJ (1998) Circulating versus local renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular homeostasis. Circulation 77 (Suppl I): 1–4
Kranzhofer R, Browatzki M, Schmidt J, Kubler W (1999) Angiotensin II activates the proinflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-KB in human monocytes. Biochem and Biophys Res Commun 257: 826–828
Yia-Herttuala S, Lipton BA, Rosenfeld ME, Sarkloja T, Yoshimura T, Leoanrd EJ, Witz-tum JL, Steinberg D (1991) Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in macrophage rich areas of human and rabbit atherosclerotic lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 5252–5256
Liao F, Andalibi A, deBeer FC, Fogelman AM, Lusis AJ (1991) Genetic control of inflammatory gene induction and FT-kappa B-like transcriptional factor activation in response to an atherogenic diet in mice. J Clin Invest 91: 2572–2579
DeBlois D, Lombardi DM, Su EJ, Clowes AW, Schwartz SM, Giachelli CM (1996) Angiotensin II induction of osteopontin expression and DNA replication in rat arteries. Hypertension 28: 1055–1063
Mann JM, Davies MJ (1996) Vulnerable plaque. Relation of characteristics to degree of stenosis in human coronary arteries. Circulation 94: 928–931
Keidar S, Attias J, Heinrich R, Coleman R, Aviram M (1999) Angiotensin II athero-genicity in apolipoprotein E deficient mice is associated with increased cellular cholesterol biosynthesis. Atherosclerosis 14: 249–257
Keidar S, Kaplan M, Hoffman A, Aviram M (1995) Angiotensin II stimulates macrophage-mediated oxidation of low density lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 115: 201–215
Li DY, Zhang YC, Philips MI, Sawamura T, Mehta JL (1999) Upregulation of endothelial receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LOX-1) in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells by angiotensin II type 1 receptor activation. Circ Res 84: 1043–1049
Inagami T, Eguchi S, Numaguchi K, Motley ED, Tang H, Matsumoto T, Yamakawa T (1999) Cross-talk between angiotensin II receptors and the tyrosine kinases and phosphatases. J Am Soc Nephrol 10: S57–S61
Chabonian AV, Handenschild CC, Nickerson C, Hopes S (1992) Antiatherogenic effect of captopril in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. Hypertension 20: 473–477
Poon M, Hsu WC, Bogadanov VY, Taubman MB (1996) Secretion of monocyte chemotactic activity by cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells in response to PDGF is due predominantly to the induction of JE/MCP-1. Am J Pathol 149: 307–317
Takeya M, Yoshimura T, Leonard EJ, Takahashi K (1993) Detection of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human atherosclerotic lesions by an anti-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 monoclonal antibody. Hum Pathol 24: 534–539
Yu X, Dluz S, Graves DT, Zhang L, Antoniades HN, Hollander W, Prusty S, Valente AJ, Schwartz CJ, Sonenshein GE (1992) Elevated expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 by vascular smooth muscle cells in hypercholesterolemic primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 6953–6957
Brand K, Page S, Rogler G, Bartsch A, Brandl R, Knuechel R, Page M, Kaltschmidt C, Baeuerle PA, Neumeier D (1996) Activated transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B is present in the atherosclerotic lesion. J Clin Invest 97: 1715–1722
Griendling KK, Minieri CA, 011erenshaw JD, Alexander RW (1994) Angiotensin II stimulates NADH and NADPH oxidase activation in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 74: 1141–1148
Li DY, Yang BC, Phillips MI, Mehta JL (1999) Pro-apoptotic effects of angiotensin II in human coronary artery endothelial cells: role of AT1 receptor and PKC activation. Am J Physiol 276: H786—H792
Tummula PE, Xi-Lin C, Sundell CL, Laursen JB, Hammes CP, Alexander RW, Harrison DG, Medford, RM (1999) Angiotensin II induces vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in rat vasculature. A potential link between the renin-angiotensin system and atherosclerosis. Circulation 100: 1223–1229
Grafe M, Auch-Schwelk W, Zakrzewicz A, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Bartsch P, Graf K, Loebe M, Gaehtgens P, Fleck E (1997) Angiotensin II-induced leukoycte adhesion of human coronary endothelial cells I mediated by E-selection. Circ Res 81: 804–811
Abi J-IA, Berk BC (1998) Reactive oxygen species in mediators of signal transduction in cardiovascular disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 8: 59–64
Warnholtz A, Nickenig G, Schulz E, Macharzina R, Brasen JH, Skatchkov M, Heitzer T, Stasch JP, Griendling KK, Harrison DG et al (1999) Increased NADH-oxidase-mediated superoxide production in the early stages of atherosclerosis: evidence for involvement of the renin-angiotensin system. Circulation 99: 2027–2033
Nickenig G, Bohm M (1997) Regulation of the angiotensin AT1 receptor expression by hypercholesterolemia. Eur J Med Res 2: 285–289
Yang BC, Phillips MI, Mohuczy D, Meng H-B, Shen L, Mehta P, Mehta JL (1998) Increased angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression in hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis in rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18: 1433–1439
Li DY, Tomson K, Yang BC, Mehta P, Croker B, Mehta JL (1999) Modulation of constitutive nitric oxide synthase, Bd-2 and Fas expression in cultured human coronary endothelial cells exposed to anoxia-reoxygenation and angiotensin II: role of AT1 receptor activation. Cardiovasc Res 41: 109–115
Li DY, Mehta JL (2000) Antisense to LOX-1 inhibited ox-LDL-mediated upregulation of MCP-1 expression and monocyte adhesion to human coronary artery endothelial cells. Circulation 101 (25): 2889–2895
Geisterfer AAT, Peach MJ, Owens GK (1988) Angiotensin II induces hypertrophy, not hyperplasia, of cultured rat smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 62: 749–756
Berk BC (1999) Angiotensin II signal transduction in vascular smooth muscle: pathways activated by specific tyrosine kinases. J Am Soc Nephrol 10 (Suppl 11): S62–68
Shieffer B, Paxton WG, Marrero MB, Bernstein KE (1996) Importance of tyrosine phosphorylation in angiotensin II type 1 receptor signaling. Hypertension 27 (2): 476–480
Eguici S, Numaguichi K, Iwasaki H, Matsumoto T, Yamakawa T, Utsunomiya H, Motley ED, Kawakatsu H, Owada KM, Hirata Y et al (1998) Calcium-dependent epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation mediates the angiotensin II-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 15: 8890–8896
Eguchi S, Iwasaki H, Hirata Y, Frank GD, Motley ED, Yamakawa T, Numaguchi K., Inagami T (1999) Epidermal growth factor receptor is indispensable for c-fos expression and protein synthesis by angiotensin II. Eur J Pharmacol 376: 203–206
Taylor DS, Cheng X, Pawlowski JE, Wallace AR, Ferrer P, Molloy CJ (1999) Epiregulin is a potent vascular smooth muscle cell-derived mitogen induced by angiotensin II, endothelin-1, and thrombin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 1633–1638
Hernandez-Presa MA, Bustos C, Ortego M, Tunon J, Ortega L, Egido J (1998) ACE inhibitor quinapril reduces the arterial expression of NF-kappa B-dependent proinflammatory factors but not of collagen I in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. Am J Pathol 153: 1825–1837
Siragyi HM, Carey RM (1997) The subtype 2 (AT2) angiotensin receptor mediates renal production of nitric oxide in conscious rats. J Clin Invest 100: 264–269
Bellas RE, Lee JS, Sonenshein GE (1995) Expression of a constitutive NF-kappa B-like activity is essential for proliferation of cultured bovine vascular smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest 96: 2521–2527
Barnes MJ (1985) Collagens in atherosclerosis. Coll Relat Res 5: 65–97
Chung KY, Agarwal A, Uitto J, Mauviel A (1996) An AP-1 binding sequence is essential for regulation of the human alpha2(I) collagen (COL1A2) promoter activity by transforming growth factor-beta. J Biol Chem 271: 3272–3278
Morishita R, Gibbons GH, Horiuchi M, Kaneda Y, Ogihara T, Dzau VJ (1998) Role of AP-1 complex in angiotensin II-mediated transforming growth factor-beta expression and growth of smooth muscle cells: using decoy approach against AP-1 binding site. Biochem Biphys Res Commun 243 (2): 361–367
Funakoshi Y, Ichiki T, Ito K, Takeshita A (1999) Induction of interleukin-6 expression by angiotensin II in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 34: 118–125
Han Y, Runge MS, Brasier AR (1999) Angiotensin II induces interluekin-6 transcription in vascular smooth muscle cells through pleiotropic activation of nuclear factor-kappa B transcription factors. Circ Res 84: 695–703
Chen HJ, Li DY, Shen L, Phillips MI, Mehta JL (2000) Losartan attenuates intima! proliferation in rabbits on high cholesterol diet despite rise in plasma Ang II levels and persistently high lipid levels. JA CC; submitted
Mehta JL, Chen, HJ, Li DY (2000) Modulation of matrix metalloproteinase-1, its tissue inhibitor (TIMP-2) and NF-KB by losartan in hypercholesterolemic rabbits ATVB; submitted
Kleinert S (1999) HOPE for cardiovascular disease prevention with ACE-inhibitor ramipril. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation. Lancet 354–381
Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA, Meurers G, Cowley AJ, Thomas I, Deedwania PC, New DE, Snavely DB, Chang PI (1997) Randomized trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure. Lancet 349: 747–752
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Basel AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Phillips, M.I., Kagiyama, S., Chen, H., Mehta, J.L. (2001). Angiotensin II as a Mediator of Inflammation in Atherosclerosis. In: Mehta, J.L. (eds) Inflammatory and Infectious Basis of Atherosclerosis. Progress in Inflammation Research. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8239-2_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8239-2_8
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-9487-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-8239-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive