Skip to main content

Abstract

Inflammation or reaction to injury is the major mechanism by which the immune system protects the host from invading organisms and remodels injured tissues. The process of inflammation, although aimed at protection and healing, can overwhelm the endogenous protection mechanisms and thereby cause unintentional extension of injury to the host tissues. The inflammatory response can be divided into an acute and a chronic phase with both positive and negative effects to the host tissues in both phases. Many of the cell types involved in inflammatory disease processes are similar although the time course may run from several days (such as in the case of reperfusion injury) to several decades, as occurs in atherosclerosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Ross R (1986) The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis-an update.N Engl J Med314: 488–500

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Jennings RB, Reimer KA (1981) Lethal myocardial ischemic injury.Am J Pathol102: 241–255

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Jennings RB, Sommers HM, Smyth GA, Flack HA, Limm H (1960) Myocardial necrosis induced by temporary occlusion of a coronary artery in the dog. A M AArch Pathol70: 68–72

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Schaper J (1986) Ultrastructural changes of the myocardium in regional ischaemia and infarction.Eur Heart J7: 3–9

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Hearse DJ, Humphrey SM, Nayler WG, Slade A, Border D (1975) Ultrastructural damage associated with reoxygenation of the anoxic myocardium.J Mol Cell Cardiol7: 315–324

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Hearse DJ, Bolli R (1993) Reperfusion-induced injury: Manifestations, mechanisms and clinical relevance.Trends Cardiovasc Med1: 233–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Rossen RD, Swain JL, Michael LH, Weakley S, Giannini E, Entman ML (1985) Selective accumulation of the first component of complement and leukocytes in ischemic canine heart muscle: A possible initiator of an extra myocardial mechanism of ischemic injury.Circ Res57: 119–130

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Rossen RD, Michael LH, Kagiyama A, Savage HE, Hanson G, Reisbery JN, Moake JN, Kim SH, Weakly S, Giannini E et al (1988) Mechanism of complement activation following coronary artery occlusion: Evidence that myocardial ischemia causes release of constituents of myocardial subcellular origin which complex with the first component of complement.Circ Res62: 572–584

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Farb A, Kolodgie FD, Jenkins M, Virmani R (1993) Myocardial infarct extension during reperfusion after coronary artery occlusion: Pathologic evidence.JAmColl Cardiol21: 1245–1253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Roberts R, DeMello V, Sobel BE (1976) Deleterious effects of methylprednisolone in patients with myocardial infarction.Circulation53 (suppl I): 204–206

    Google Scholar 

  11. Reimer KE, Jennings RB (1979) The changing anatomic reference base of evolving myocardial infarction. Underestimation of myocardial collateral blood flow and overestimation of experimental anatomic infarct size due to tissue oedema, haemorrhage and acute inflammation.Circulation60: 866–876

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Davies RA, Thakur A, Mathew L, Berger HJ, Wackers FJ, Gottschalk A, Zaret BL (1981) Imaging the inflammatory response to acute myocardial infarction in man using indium-111-labeled autologous platelets.Circulation63: 826–832

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hillis LD, Braunwald E (1977) Myocardial ischemia.N Engl J Med296: 1093–1096

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Mullane KM, Salmon JA, Kraemer R (1987) Leukocyte-derived metabolites of arachidonic acid in ischemia-induced myocardial injury.Fed Proc46: 2422–2433

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Sakai K, Ito T, Ogawa K (1982) Roles of endogenous prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 in the ischemic canine heart.J Cardio Pharm4: 129–135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Dreyer WJ, Michael LH, Nguyen T, Smith CW, Anderson DC, Entman ML, Rossen RD (1992) Kinetics of C5a release in cardic lymph of dogs experiencing coronary artery ischemia-reperfusion injury.Circ Res 71:1518–1524

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Rossen RD, Michael LH, Hawkins HK, Youker K, Dreyer WJ, Baughn RE, Entman ML (1994) Cardiolipin-protein complexes and initiation of complement activation after coronary artery occlusion.Circ Res75: 546–555

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Birdsall HH, Green DM, Trial J, Youker KA, Burns AR, Mackay CR, LaRosa GJ, Hawkins HK, Smith CW, Michael LH et al (1997) Complement C5a TGF-131, and MCP-1, in sequence, induce migration of monocytes into ischemic canine myocardium within the first one to five hours after reperfusion.Circulation95: 684–692

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Elchenholz PW, Elchacker PQ, Hoffman WD, Banks SM, Parrillo JE, Danner RL, Natanson C (1992) Tumor necrosis factor challenges in canines: patterns of cardiovascular dysfunction.Am J Physic!263: H668–H675

    Google Scholar 

  20. Frangogiannis NG, Youker KA, Rossen RD, Gwechenberger M, Lindsey ML, Mendoza LH, Michael LH, Ballantyne CM, Smith CW, Entman ML (1998) The microcirculation as a foundation of cardiovascular disease. Cytokines and the microcirculation in ischemia and reperfusion.J Mol Cell Cardiol30: 2567–2576

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Youker KA, Smith CW, Anderson DC, Miller D, Michael LH, Rossen RD, Entman ML (1992) Neutrophil adherence to isolated adult cardiac myocytes: Induction by cardiac lymph collected during ischemia and reperfusion.J Clin Invest89: 602–609

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Morita M, Kawashima S, Ueno M, Kubota A, Iwasaki T (1993) Effects of late reperfusion on infarct expansion and infarct healing in conscious rats. AmJ Pathol143: 419–430

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Boyle MP, Weisman HF (1993) Limitation of infarct expansion and ventricular remodeling by late reperfusion.Circulation88: 2872–2883

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Pierce GF, Mustoe TA, Lingelbach J, Masakowski VR, Griffin GL, Senior RM, Deuel TF (1989) Platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-13 enhance tissue repair activities by unique mechanisms.J Cell Biol109: 429–440

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Rizzo V, Defoux DO (1996) Mast cell activation accelerates the normal rate of angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane.Microvasc Res52: 245–257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Gruber BL, Marchese MJ, Kew R (1995) Angiogenic factors stimulate mast-cell migration.Blood86: 2488–2493

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Michael LH, Ballantyne CM, Zachariah JP, Gould KE, Pocius JS, Taffet GE, Hartley CJ, Pham TT, Daniel SL, Funk E et al (1999) Myocardial infarction and remodeling in mice: Effect of reperfusion.Am J Physiol277: H660–H668

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Pinckard RN, Olson MS, Kelley RE, Detter DH, Palmer JD, O’Rourke RA, Goldfein S (1973) Antibody-independent activation of human Cl after interaction with heart sub-cellular membranes.J Immunol110: 1376–1382

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Rossen RD, Laughter AH, Orson FM, Flagge FP, Cashaw JL, Sumaya CV (1985) Human peripheral blood monocytes release a 30,000 dalton factor (30 Kd MF) that stimulates immunoglobulin production by activated B cells.J Immunol135: 3289–3297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Frangogiannis NG, Burns AR, Michael LH, Entman ML (1999) Histochemical and morphological characteristics of canine cardiac mast cell.Histochem J31: 221–229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Frangogiannis NG, Lindsey ML, Michael LH, Youker KA, Bressler RB, Mendoza LH, Spengler RN, Smith CW, Entman ML (1998) Resident cardiac mast cells degranulate and release preformed TNF-a initiating the cytokine cascade in myocardial ischemia/ reperfusion.Circ98: 699–710

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Linden J (1994) Cloned adenosine A3 receptors: pharmacological properties, species differences and receptor functions.Trends in Pharm Sc15: 298–306

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ito BR, Engler RL, Del Balzo U (1993) Role of cardiac mast cells in complement C5ainduced myocardial ischemia. AmJ Physiol264: H1346–H1354

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hawkins HK, Entman ML, Zhu JY, Youker KA, Berens K, Dore M, Smith CW (1996) Acute inflammatory reaction after myocardial ischemic injury and reperfusion. Development and use of a neutrophil-specific antibody.Am J Pathol148: 1957–1969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Youker KA, Hawkins HK, Kukielka GL, Perrard JL, Michael LH, Ballantyne CM, Smith CW, Entman ML (1994) Molecular evidence for induction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in the viable border zone associated with ischemia-reperfusion injury of the dog heart.Circulation89: 2736–2746

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Dreyer WJ, Michael LH, West MS, Smith CW, Rothlein R, Rossen RD, Anderson DC, Entman ML (1991) Neutrophil accumulation in ischemic canine myocardium: Insights into the time course, distribution, and mechanism of localization during early reperfusion.Circulation84: 400–411

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kukielka GL, Smith CW, LaRosa GJ, Manning AM, Mendoza LH, Hughes BJ, Youker KA, Hawkins HK, Michael LH, Rot A et al (1995) Interleukin-8 gene induction in the myocardium following ischemia and reperfusionin vivo. J Clin Invest95: 89–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Entman ML, Youker KA, Shoji T, Kukielka GL, Shappell SB, Taylor AA, Smith CW (1992) Neutrophil induced oxidative injury of cardiac myocytes: A compartmented system requiring CD11b/CD18-ICAM-1 adherence.J Clin Invest90: 1335–1345

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Frangogiannis NG, Perrard JL, Mendoza LH, Burns AR, Lindsey ML, Ballantyne CM, Michael LH, Smith CW, Entman ML (1998) Stem cell factor induction is associated with mast cell accumulation following myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.Circ98: 687–698

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Frangogiannis NG, Youker KA, Rossen RD, Gwechenberger M, Lindsey MH, Mendoza LH, Michael LH, Ballantyne CM, Smith CW, Entman ML (1998) Cytokines and the microcirculation in ischemia and reperfusion.J Mol Cell Cardiol30: 2567–2576

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Youker KA, Beirne J, Lee J, Michael LH, Smith CW, Entman ML (2000) Time-dependent loss of Mac-1 from infiltrating neutrophils in the reperfused myocardium.J Immunol164: 2752–2758

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Ruoss SJ, Hartmann T, Caughey GH (1991) Mast cell tryptase is a mitogen for cultured fibroblasts.J Clin Invest88: 493–499

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Basel AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Youker, K.A., Frangogiannis, N., Entman, M.L. (2001). Myocardial reperfusion: A State of Inflammation. In: Mehta, J.L. (eds) Inflammatory and Infectious Basis of Atherosclerosis. Progress in Inflammation Research. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8239-2_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8239-2_6

  • Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-9487-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-8239-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics