Summary
The most relevant information on the present state of the art of antifungal chemotherapy is reviewed in this chapter. For dermatomycoses a variety of topical antifungals are available, and safe and efficacious systemic treatment, especially with the fungicidal drug terbinafine, is possible. The duration of treatment can be drastically reduced. Substantial progress in the armamentarium of drugs for invasive fungal infections has been made, and a new class of antifungals, echinocandins, is now in clinical use. The following drugs in oral and/or intravenous formulations are available: the broad spectrum polyene amphotericin B with its new “clothes”; the sterol biosynthesis inhibitors fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole; the glucan synthase inhibitor caspofungin; and the combination partner flucytosine. New therapy schedules have been studied; combination therapy has found a significant place in the treatment of severely compromised patients, and the field of prevention and empiric therapy is fast moving. Guidelines exist nowadays for the treatment of various fungal diseases and maintenance therapy. New approaches interfering with host defenses or pathogenicity of fungal cells are being investigated, and molecular biologists are looking for new targets studying the genomics of pathogenic fungi.
Keywords
- Invasive fungal infections
- dermatomycoses
- amphotericin B
- fluconazole
- flucytosine
- itraconazole
- voriconazole
- caspofungin
- terbinafine
- ciclopirox
- amorolfine
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
A. Polak and P.G. Hartman, in: E. Jucker (ed.): Progress in Drug Research, Vol. 37, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 1991, 181–269.
A. Polak, in: E. Jucker (ed.): Progress in Drug Research, Vol. 49, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 1997, 219–297.
P.D. Hoeprich, in: E. Jucker (ed.): Progress in Drug Research, Vol. 44, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 1995, 87–127.
A.K. Gupta, T.R. Einarson, R.C. Summerbell and N.H. Shear: Drugs 55, 645–674 (1998).
V. Havu, H. Heikkila, K. Kuokkanen, M. Nutinem, T. Rantanen et al.: Br. J. Dermatol. 142, 97–102 (2000).
S. Rand: J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 43, 104–112 (2000).
J.F. G.M. Meis, and P.E. Verweij: Drugs 61, 13–25 (2001).
M. Abdel Rahman, D.A. Powell, M.C. Nahata: Pharmacotherapy 17, 1103 (1997).
A.K. Gupta, M. E. Alexis, N. Raboobee, S.L.R. Hofstader, C.W. Lynde et al.: Br. J. Dermatol. 137, 251–254 (1997).
L.C. Fuller, C.H. Smith, R. Cerio, R.A. Marsden, G. Midgley, A.L. Beard, E.M. Higgins and R.J. Hay: Br. J. Dermatol. 144, 321–327 (2001).
S. U. Budimulja, K. Kuswadji, S. Bramano, J. Basuki, L.S. Judanarso and S. Untung: Br. J. Dermatology. 130 (Suppl. 43), 29 (1994).
G.F. Altomare, G.L. Capella, V. Boneschi and M.A. Viviani: Br. J. Dermatol. 142, 840–841 (2000).
A.K. Gupta, P. de Doncker, A. Heremans, P. Stofels, G. E. Piérard, J. Decroix, M. Heenen, H. Degreef.: J. Amer. Academy Dermatol 36, 789–792 (1997).
J. Remme, F.H.J. Rampen, F.C.J. Van Neer: Mycoses 41, 515–520 (1998).
F. Baudraz Rosselet, M. Monod, S. Laccoud, E. Frenk: Br. J. Dermatol 135, 1011–1012 (1996).
H. Hamm, A. Schwinn, M. Bräutigam: Br. J. Dermatol. 140, 480–482 (1999).
G. Baleviciene, O. Ceburkovas and D. Maciuliene: Acta Derm. Venereol. 82, 61 (2001).
J. McClellan, L.R. Wisemann and A. Markham: Drugs 58, 179–202 (1999).
J. Sanjeev and S. Viendra: Int. J. Dermatol. 39, 4412–423 (2000).
ISHAM 14th Congress, 8–12 May 2000, in Argentina, Abstract book.
B.H.C. Stricker, M.M. van Riemsdijk, M.C.J.M. Sturkenboom and J.P. Ottervanger: Br. J. Pharmacol 42, 313 (1996).
M. Hall, C. Monka, P. Krupp, D. O’Sullivan: Arch. Dermatol. 133, 1213–1219 (1997).
A.K. Gupta, C.W. Lynde, G.J. Lauzon, M.-A. Mehlmauer, S.W. Braddock et al.: Br. J. Dermatol. 138, 529–532 (1998).
S.M. Abdel-Rahman and M.C. Nahata: Annales Pharmacother. 31, 445–456 (1997).
B. Amichai and M.H. Grunwald: Intern. J. Dermatol. 37, 410 (1998).
D.P. O’Sullivan: Br. J. Dermatol. 141 (Suppl. 56), 21–25 (1999).
M. Murphy and L. Barnes: Br. J. Dermatol. 138, 708–709 (1998).
M. Shapiro, I.J. Li and J. Miller: Br. J. Dermatol. 140, 1196–1197 (1999).
C. Rogalski, A. Hürlimann, G. Burg et al.: Hautarzt 52, 444–448 (2001).
N.F. Fernandez, S.A. Geller and T.L. Fong: J. Gastroenterol. 93, 459–460 (1998).
K. Agarwal, D.M. Manas and M. Hudson: N. Engl. J. Med. 340, 1292–1293 (1999).
H.I. Katz: J. Am. Podiatric Med. Assoc. 87, 571–574 (1997).
H.I. Katz: Br. J. Dermatol. 141 (Suppl. 56), 26–32 (1999).
E. Schatz, M. Bräutigam, E. Obrowolski, L. Effendy, H. Haberl et al.: Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 20, 377 (1995).
N.H. Shear and A.K. Gupta: Arch. Dermatol. 131, 937 (1995).
M. Bräutigam, S. Nolting, R.E. Schöpf and G. Weidinger: Br. Med. J. 311, 919 (1995).
A.K. Gupta, R.K. Scher and P. de Doncker: Dermatol. Clinics 15, 121–135 (1997).
M. Feuilhade de Chauvin, R. Baran and D. Chabasse: J. Mycol. Med. 11, 205–215 (2001).
A.K. Gupta, N. Konnikov and C.W. Lynde: J. Amer. Acad. Dermatol. 44, 479–484 (2001).
A. Tosti, B.M. Piraccini, C. Stinchi, M.D. Colombo: Dermatology 197, 162–166 (1998).
A.E.M. Reisberger and R.M. Szeimies: Medizinische Klinik 95, 618 (2000).
L. Molin, M. Tarstedt and C. Engman: Br. J. Dermatol. 143, 682–683 (2000).
E.K.A. van Doorslaer, G. Tormans, A.K. Gupta, K. Van Rossem, A. Eggleston, D.J. Dubois, P. De Doncker, E. Haneke: Dermatology 193, 239–244 (1996).
W. Bergman and F.F.H. Rutten: Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd. 138, 2346 (1994).
A. Perez: Mycoses 42 (Suppl. 2), 111–114 (1999).
G.E. Schiraldi, S. Lo Cicero, M.D. Colombo, D. Rossato, M. Ferrarese and E. Soresi: Br. J. Dermatol. 134 (Suppl. 46), 25 (1996).
R.J. Hay: Br. J. Dermatol. 141 (Suppl. 56), 36–40 (1999).
J. Gonzalez Ruperez, M. de Javaloyas de Morlius, A. Moreno Carazo: Dermatology 194, 85–86 (1997).
N.M. Clark: Clin. Infect. Dis. 28,(5) 1169–1170 (1999).
M. Rotoli, G. Sascaro and S. Cavalieri: Dermatology 202, 143 (2001).
J.M. Ollague, A.M. Zurita and G. de Calero: Br. J. Dermatol. 143, 188–191 (2000).
P. De Doncker, J. Decroix, G.E. Pidrard, D. Roelant, R. Woestenborghs et al.: Arch. Dermatol. 132, 34 (1996).
K. De Beule and J. Van Gestel: Drugs 61 (Suppl. 1), 27–37 (2001).
A.K. Gupta and T.G. Novak: Dermatology 202, 235–238 (2001).
A. Ingber: Med. Mycology 39, 471 (2001).
H. Heikkila and S. Stubb: Acta Derm. Venereol. 77, 70–71 (1997).
W. Bergman and E.R.H. Rutten: Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd. 138, 2346 (1994).
D.T. Roberts: Br. J. Dermatol. 141 (Suppl. 56), 1–4 (1999).
B. Sigurgeirsson, S. Billstein, T. Rantanen, T. Ruzicka, E. Di Fonzos et al.: Br. J. Dermatol. 141 (Suppl. 56), 5–14 (1999).
A.K. Gupta, N. Konnikov, C.W. Lynde: J. Dermatol. Treatment 11, 151–154 (2000).
A.K. Gupta, Ch. K. Lynde and N. Konnikov: J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 44, 485–491 (2001).
J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 38, S73, S77, S87, S95, 5101, 5110 (1998).
K. Halmy and J. Serfoezoe: Mycoses 44, 219 (2001).
A. Polak: J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venerol. 4 (Suppl. 1), SI 1 (1995).
M. Haria and H.M. Bryson: Drugs 49, 103 (1995).
Y. Clayton: Poster at the Dermatology 2000, Vienna (1993).
J.W Rippon and R. Fromtling (eds.): Cutaneous Antifungal Agents 1, Marcel Dekker, New York 1993.
W. Melchinger, A. Polak and J. Muller: Mycoses 33, 393 (1988).
E.G.V. Evans: Br. J. Dermatol. 145 (Suppl. 60), 9–11 (2001).
A. Polak: Mycoses 36, 101 (1993).
M. Zaug: J. Eur. Acad. Dermat. Venerol. 4 (Suppl. 1), S23 (1995).
G.G. Lestringant, H. Nszane, M. Nada, M.A. Usmani, R.A. Micallef, A. Montague, P.M. Frossard: J. Dermatol. Treatment 7, 89–92 (1996).
T.R. Einarsen, P.L. Oh, A.K. Gupta, N.H. Shear: J. Dermatol. Treatment 8, 229–235 (1997).
K.M. Humphry, M.J. Cork, A. Haycox: Br. J. Dermatol. 139, 660–664 (1998).
M. Bohn and K. Th. Krämer: J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 43, S57–S69 (2000).
A.K. Gupta, Ph. Fleckman and R. Baran: J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 43, S70–S80 (2000).
A.K. Gupta: J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 43, S81–S95 (2000).
A.K. Gupta and R. Baran: J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 43, S96–102 (2000).
A. Polak: Mycoses 36, 43 (1993).
J. Laurahanta, M. Zaug, A. Polak and D. Reine: JAMA Southeast Asia 9 (Suppl. 4), 23 (1993).
R. Baran, M. Feuilhade, A. Datry, S. Goetmann, P. Pietrini et al.: Br. J. Dermatol. 142, 1177–1183 (2000).
Swiss study, presented by Prof. Burg Zürich in München, Juli 2000.
S. Dole, C. Larnier and A. Chicoye: Clinical Dermatology 2000 Vancouver, Abstract 309 (1996).
A.M. Lecha: Br. J. Dermatol. 145 (Suppl. 60), 21 (2001).
K.S. Nolting and H. Ulbricht: Mycoses 44, 247 (2001).
G.E. Pierard, C. Pierard-Franchimont and J.E. Arrese: Med. Mycol. 38, 391–392 (2000).
R. Savin: J. Familiy Practice 43, 127–132 (1996).
D.S. Lang, H.M. Richards, J. Guarneri, J.M. Humeniuk, R.C. Savin et al.: J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 39, 944–950 (1998).
R.T. Borelli, S. Patel, J.S. Venglarcik, D. Moses, D. Gemmel: Pediatric Dermatol. 15, 406–407 (1998).
S. Georgiou, A. Monastirli, E. Pasmatzi, C. Zografakis and D. Tsambaos: J. Eur Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 8, 203–207 (1997).
M.A. Amer: Int. J. Dermatol. 36, 940–942 (1997).
E. Scaparro, G. Quadri, G. Virno, C. Orfici and M. Dilani: Br. J. Dermatol. 144, 854–857 (2001).
B.J. Vermeer and C.G.C. Staats: Dermatology 194 (Suppl. 1), 22–24 (1997).
J. Faergemann, K. Hersle, P. Nordin: Dermatology 194 (Suppl. 1), 19–21 (1997).
M. Pazzaglia, E. Ghetti, F. Stacul and A. Tosti: Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venerologia 135, 247–251 (2000).
P. Dupuy, C. Maurette, J.C. Amoric and O. Chosidow: Br. J. Dermatol. 144, 1033–1037 (2001).
S.E. Reef, M.M. McNeil, J.D. Sobel and R. Pinner: Infect. Dis. Clin. Practice 4, 36 (1995).
S. Faro: Infect. Dis. Obstetrics Gyn. 4, 247–254 (1996).
I.W. Fong: Pharmacoeconomics 9, 497–505 (1996).
A. Stary: Dermatologic Therapy 3, 37–42 (1997).
C.M. Perry, R. Whittington and D. McTavish: Drugs 49, 984 (1995).
M. Ramam, G. Tam, P. D’Souza, K. Verma, B.K. Khattan et al.: Acta Dermatol. Venereol. 80, 378–380 (2000).
E.S. Mahgoub, in: G.L. Mandell, R.G. Douglas and J.E.J. Bennett (eds.): Agents of mycetoma in principles and practice of infectious diseases, Springer, New York 1990, 197.
B. Degavre, J.M. Joujoux, M. Dour and B. Guillot: J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 37, 318–320 (1997).
G. Sanjiv, R. Partho and S. Gurbir: Med. J. Armed Forces India 57, 163–164 (2001).
D. Borelli: Rev. Infect. Dis. 9 (Suppl. 1), S57 (1987).
R. Minotto, C.V.D. Bernardi, L.F. Mallmann, M.I.A. Edelweiss and M.L. Scroferneker: J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 44, 589–592 (2001).
K. Tintelnot: Mycoses 40 (Suppl. 1), 91–96 (1997).
J.P. Silva, W. de Souza and S. Rozental: Mycopathologia 143, 171–175 (1999).
A. Bonifaz, E. Carrasco-Gerard and A. Saul: Mycoses 444, 1–7 (2001).
H.C. Gugnani, N. Sood, B. Singh and R. Makkar: Mycoses 43, 85–86 (2000).
M. Perez-Blanco, G. Fernez-Zeppenfeldt, V.R. Hernez, E Yegres and D. Borelli: Revista Iberoamericano Microbiologica 15, 51–54 (1998).
P. Mayser, K. Gründer, S. Quadripur, E.M. Koehn, W.B. Schill and G.S. de Hoog: Hautarzt 47, 693 (1996).
P. Esterre, C.K. Inzan, E.R. Ramarcel, A. Andriantsimahavandy, M. Ratsiohalana et al.: Br. J. Dermatol. 134 (Suppl. 46), 33 (1996).
C. Czabezas, B. Bustamante, W. Holgado and R.E. Segue: Ped. Infect. Dis. J. 15, 352–354 (1996).
C.A. Kaufman: Clin. Infect. Dis. 33 (Suppl. 2), S 148–153 (1996).
S. Conias and P. Wilson: Austr. J. Dermatology 39, 34–37 (1998).
G. Karalayali, N. Lenk, N. Alli, E. Güngör, F. Artüz et al.: Cutis 61, 106–107 (1998).
C.A. Kaufman, R. Hajjeh and S.W. Chapman: Clin. Infect. Dis. 30, 684–687 (2000).
A.D. Badley and R.E. van Scoy: Clin. Infect. Dis. 23, 394–395 (1996).
A.J. Ware, C.J. Cockerell, D.J. Skiest and H.M. Kussman: J. Am. Acas. Dermatol 40, 350–355 (1999).
C. Edwards, W.L. Reuther and D.L. Greer: Southern Medical J. 93, 803–806 (2000).
C.A. Kaufman, P.G. Pappas, D.S. McKinsey, R.A. Grenfield, J. Perfect et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 22, 46 (1996).
A.H. Groll and T.J. Walsh: Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 7 (Suppl. 2), 8–24 (2001).
O.H. Gyaurgeva, T.S. Bogomolova and G.I. Gorishkova: J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 34, 357–359 (1996).
E. Anaissie, P. Nelson, M. Beremand, D. Kontoyiannis and M.G. Rinaldi: Curr. Top. Med. Mycol. 4, 231 (1992).
C. Hennequin, V. Lavarde, J.L. Poirot, M. Rabodonirina, A. Datry et al.: J. Med. Vet. Micol. 35, 107–114 (1997).
S.T. Yildiran, S. Kömürcii, M.A. Sarach, A. Gönlüm, H. Gun et al.: Mycoses 41, 467–469 (1998).
D.J. Fisher, C. Christy, P. Spafford, M. Maniscalco, D.J. Hardy and P.S. Graman: Ped. Infect. Dis. J. 12, 151 (1993).
P. Kamberi, H. Atsuro, T. Takayoshi and N. Masaru: Chemotherapy 44, 55–62 (1998).
T.J. Walsh, B. de Pauw, E. Anaissie and P. Martino: J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 32 (Suppl. 1), 33 (1994).
T Sirisantha: Japanese J. Med. Mycol. 37, 5 (1996).
V. Sirisantha and T. Sirisantha: Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 14, 935 (1995).
Hsueh Poren, Teng LeeJene, Hung ChienChing et al.: J. Infect. Dis. 81, 1706–1712 (2000).
W.M. Tsui, K.E. Ma and D.N.C. Tsang: Histopathology 20, 287 (1992).
S. Remadi, C. Lotfi, V. Finci, A. Ismail, D. Rogiano et al.: Acta Cytol. 39, 798 (1995).
K.H. Keddy and K.P. Klugman: Southern African J. Epidemiol. Infect. 9, 51 (1994).
S. Yamada, T. Maruaka, K. Nagai, N. Tsumura, T. Yamada et al.: Scan. J. Infect. Dis. 27, 85 (1995).
L.C.S. Thuler, S. Faivichenco, E. Velasco, C.A. Martins, C.R.G. Nascimento et al.: Mycoses 40, 193–196 (1997).
A. Kunova, S. Spanik, T. Klar, J. Trupl and V. Kremery: Chemotherapy 42, 157 (1996).
O. Masure, A. Minoui, P. le Gall, M. Cornen, A.M. Le Flohic: J. Mycol. Medicale 7, 33–36 (1997).
S.E. Welbel, M.M. McNeil, A. Pramanik, R. Silberman, A.D. Oberle et al.: Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 13, 104 (1994).
T.A. Ruxin, W.D. Steck, T.N. Helm, W.E Bergfeld and B.J. Bolwell: Arch. Dermatol. 132, 382 (1996).
G. Poza, J. Montoya, C. Ridondo, J. Ruiz, N. Vila et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 30, 981 (2000).
M.A. Nesky, E.C. McDougal and J.E. Peacock: Clin. Infect. Dis. 31, 673–677 (2000).
J. Gene, A. Masoliver, J. Guardo, G. de Febrer, A. Martinez et al.: J. Clin. Microbiol. 39, 1134–1136 (2001).
J. Guarro, W. Gams, I. Pujol and J. Gene: Clin Infect. Dis. 25, 1222 (1997).
M. Martin, P. Tornero, P.M. Rabadan and M. Rodrigues Creixems: Clin. Infect. Dis. 31, 1499 (2000).
W. Wanachiwanawin, M. Thianprasit, S. Fucharoen, A. Chaiprasert, N.S.N. Ayudhya et al.: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 87, 296 (1993).
S.M. Mathews and S. Sen: Mycoses 41, 427–428 (1998).
W. Mohl, M.M. Lerch, M. Klotz, H. Freidank, M. Zeitz: Mycoses 41, 425–426 (1998).
G. Kac, P. Piriou, E. Gueho, P. Roux, J. Tremoulet, M. Denis, T. Judet: Med. Mycol. 37, 213–217 (1999).
S.M. Singh, J. Naidu, S. Jain, S.R. Nawange, M.K. Dhindsa: J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 34, 215–218 (1996).
K.M. Chan Tack, C.L. Thio, N.S. Miller, C.L. Kapp, C. Ho and W.G. Merz: Med. Mycol. 37, 57–60 (1999).
I.U. Scott, H.W. Flynn, D. Miller, J.W. Speights, R.C. Snip et al.: Arch. Ophthalmol. 119, 916 (2001).
I. Hilmarsdottir, S. Thorsteinsson, P. Asmundsson, M. Bodvarsson and M. Arnadottir: Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 32, 331 (2000).
S. Hood and D.W. Denning: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 37 (Suppl. B), 71 (1996).
ECMM Survey: Mycoses 44, 345 (2001).
A R. Manfredi, F. Pieri, St.A. Pileri and F. Chiodo: Mycopathologia 148, 73 (1999).
M. Petoello-Montovani, A. Casadevall, T.R. Kollmann, A. Rubinstein and H. Goldstein: Lancet 339, 21 (1992).
P.D. Hoeprich, in: E. Jucker (ed.): Progress in Drug Research, Vol. 44, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 1995, 87–100.
E.K. Manavathu, G.J. Alangaden, P.H. Chandrasekar: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 41, 615–619 (1998).
K. Seo, H. Akiiyoshi and Y. Ohnishi: Microbiol. Immunol. 43, 1017–1025 (1999).
T.R. Sterling and G. Merz: Drug Resistance Updates 1, 161–165 (1998).
B.K. Carroll, S. Cohen, J. Whisenant, D. Riley, and P. Beatty: Ninety-fourth Meeting of the American Society of Microbiology, Abstract 606 (1994).
S.L. Kelly, D.C. Lamb, D. Kelly, N.J. Manning, J. Loeffler, H. Hebart, U. Schuhmacher and H. Einsele: FEBS Lett. 400, 80 (1997).
R.M. Singh and B.E. Perdue: Formulary 33, 424–447 (1998).
F.S. Nolte, T. Parkinson, D.J. Falconer, S. Dix, J. Williams et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 196 (1997).
D.A. Sutton, S.E. Sanche, S.G. Revankar, A.W. Fothergill and M.G. Rinaldi: J. Clin. Microbiol. 37,2343–2345 (1999).
A. Polak, in: J.F. Ryley (ed.): Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol. 96. Chemotherapy of Fungal Diseases, Springer Verlag, 1990,153–182.
B.E. Cohen: Int. J. Pharm. 162, 95–106 (1998).
M.A. Hossein and M.A. Ghannoum: Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs 9,1797 (2000).
J.S. Conklin, M. Kwing and W.M. Wasan: Pharm Res. 13 (9 Suppl.), S 117 (1996).
M.M. Zaman, S. Burney, D. Landman and I.M. Quale: Clin. Infect. Dis. 22, 378 (1996).
R. Patel: Mayo Clin. Proc. 73,1205–1225 (1998).
A. Pathak, F.D. Pien and L. Carvalho: Clin. Infect. Dis. 26, 334–338 (1998).
G.E. White, D.T. Jayaweera, K. Hobdy Henderson and K. Marshall: Pharmacotherapy 18, 426 (1998).
J.R. Wingrad, P. Kubilis, L. Lee, G. Yee, M. White et al.: Blood 92 (10, pt. 1 Suppl. 1), 518a-519a (1998).
M.E. Fernandez-Miera, M. Farinas, M.J. Del, C Hazas Feo and P. Sanroma Mendizabal: Medicina Clinica 102, 434 (1994).
M.P. Nagata, C.A. Gentry and E.M. Hampton: Ann. Pharmacother. 30, 811 (1996).
V.R. Singh, D.K. Smith, J. Lawrence, P.C. Kelly, A.R.Thomas et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 23, 563 (1996).
B. Dupont, D.W. Denning, D. Marriot, A. Sugar, M.A. Viviani and T. Sirisanthana: J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 32 (Suppl. 1), 65 (1994).
E. de Lalla, G. Pellizer, A. Vaglia, V. Manfrin, M. Franzetti, P. Fabris and C. Stecca: Clin. Infect. Dis. 20, 263 (1995).
A. Polak: Mycoses 42, 355–370 (1999).
K.A. Kostiuk, R.A. Jacobs, M.L. Stoller and B.J. Guglielmo: Pharmacotherapy 19, 488–489 (1999).
D. Benoit, J. Decruyenaere, K. Vendewoude, C. Roosens, E. Hoste, J. Poelaert, F. Vermassen and F. Colardyn: Clin. Infect. Dis. 26, 393–397 (1998).
D.W. Denning: Clin. Infect. Dis. 23, 608 (1996).
J.W. Hiemenz and T.J. Walsh: J Liposome Res. 8, 443–467 (1998).
G.W. Boswell, D. Buell, I. Bekersky: J. Clin. Pharmacol. 38, 583–592 (1998).
Review on L-Amph B: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 49 (Suppl. 1), (2002).
A.J. Coukell and R.N. Brogden: Drugs 55,585–612 (1998).
I.M. Hann and H.G. Prentic: Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 17, 161–169 (2001).
B.G. Yu, T. Okano, K. Katakoa, S. Sardari, G.S. Kwon: J. Controlled Release 56, 285–291 (1998).
Y. Shadkam, E. Segal, A. Bor, Y. Gov, M. Rubin and D. Lichtenberg: J. Antimicrob. Agents 39, 655–658 (1997).
R. Manfredi and E Chiodo: Pharmacotherapy 18, 1087–92 (1998).
S. Kohno, M. Ashraf Hossain, S. Maesaki, E Sasaki, H. Kakeya, K. Tomono and Y. Tashiro: Clin. Infect Dis. 25, 489 (1997).
R. Santangelo, P. Paderu, G. Delmas, Z. Chen, R. Mannino et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44,2356–2360 (2000).
Ericsson: Ann. Pharmacother. 30, 298 (1996).
S. Saxenam, P.K. Bhatnagar, P.C. Goshm, P. Usha Sarma: Int J. Pharm. 188, 19–30 (1999).
M. Nucci, M. Loureiro, F. Silveira, A.R. Casali, L.F. Bouzas, E. Velasco, N. Spector, W. Pulcheri: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43, 1445–1448 (1999).
C.E. Nath, P.J. Shaw, R. Gunning, A.J. Mclachlan and J.W. Earl: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43, 1417–1423 (1999).
D. Torre, G. Banfi, R. Speranza, C. Zeroli, R. Martegani, M. Airoldi and F. Fiori: I. Infect. 37, 36–38 (1998).
M.S. Razzaque, M.A. Hossain, N. Ahsan and T. Taguchi: Nephron 89, 251 (2001).
S. Arikan and J.H. Rex: Emerging Drugs 51, 135–160 (2000).
M.A. Hossain, H.G. Reyes and M.A. Ghannoum: Rev. Med. Microbiol. 12 (Suppl. 19), S3–S12 (2001).
J. Adler-Moore and R.T. Proffilt: J. Liposome Res. 3, 429 (1993).
J. Adler-Moore: Bone Marrow Transplantation 14 (Suppl. 5), S3 (1994).
R.W. Finberg, A. Cross, J. Reinhardt, G. Donowitz and M. Wong: Blood 90 (10, Suppl. 1, Pt. 1), 72A (1997).
R. Hebrecht, V. Letscher and A. Cavalier: Chemotherapy 45 (Suppl. 1), 67–76 (1999).
A. Wong-Behringer, P.M. Behringer and J.P Rho: Forrnulary 31, 169 (1996).
M. White, R.A. Bowden, E.S. Sandler, M.L. Graham, G.A. Noskin et al.: Infect. Dis. 27, 296–302 (1998).
V. Heinemann, B. Kähny, A. Debus, K. Wachholz and U. Jehn: Bone Marrow Transplantation 14 (Suppl. 5), S8 (1994).
E. Spath Schwalbe, A. Koschuth, A. Dietzmann, J. Schanz, K. Possinger: Clin. Infect. Dis. 28, 680–681 (1999).
M.D. Johnson, R.H. Drew and J.R. Perfect: Pharmacotherapy 18, 1053–1061 (1998).
R.N. Brogden, K.L. Goa and A.J. Coukell: Drugs 56, 365–368 (1998).
R.A. Bowden, M. Cays, T. Gooley, R.D. Mamelok and J.A. Van Bunk: J. Infect. Dis. 17, 1208 (1996).
J. Strickland, G. Yee, J. Lister, L. Lee and J. Wingard: Pharmacotherapy 19, 504 (1999).
J.A. Boyle and E.J. Anaissie: Blood 88, 89b (1996).
I.W. Blau and A.A. Fauser: Mycoses 43, 325–332 (2000).
A.R. Craig, C.V. Holden, I.J. Lewis and S.E. Kinsey: Blood 90 (10, Suppl. 1, Pt. 2), 240 B (1997).
J.H. Weitkamp, C.F. Poets, R. Sievers, E. Mussessels, P. Groneck et al.: Infection 26,11–15 (1998).
H. Schneemann: Krankenhausphamazie 4, 161–171 (1992).
M. Ellis, D. Spence, B. de Pauw. F. Meunier, A. Marinus et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 27, 1406–1412 (1998).
A.V. Leenders, S. Daenen, R.L. Jansen, W.C.J. Hop, B. Lowenberg et al.: Br. J. Haematol. 103, 205–212 (1998).
S. Maury, M. Leblanc, M. Feuilhalde, J.M. Molina and G. Schaison: Clin. Infect. Dis. 26, 200–202 (1998).
D.D. Sweet and M. Reich: J. Infect. 36, 120–121 (1998).
A.R. Craig, C.V. Holden, I.J. Lewis and S.E. Kinsey: Blood 90, 240 B (1997).
A. Meyerhof: Clin. Infect. Dis. 28, 42–28 (1999).
U. Schuler: 4th International Janssen-Cilag Symposium, Abstract book, p. 20 (2000).
R.A. Bowden, M. Cays, T. Gooley, R.D. Mamelok and J.A. van Bunk: J. Infect. Dis. 173, 1208–1215 (1996).
W.H. White, E.J. Anaissie, S. Kusne, J.R. Wingard, J.W. Hiemenz et al: Clin. Infect. Dis. 24, 635–42 (1997).
G.A. Noskin, L. Pietrelli, G. Coffey, M. Gurwith and L.J. Liang: Clin. Infect. Dis. 26, 461–467 (1998).
R. Hebrecht, V. Letscher, E. Andres, S. Kusne and M. Gurwith: Blood 88 (10, Suppl. 1, Pt. 1), 502a (1996).
A.E. Moses, G. Rahav, Y. Barenholz, J. Elidan, B. Azaz et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 26, 1430–1433 (1998).
R. Dietze, V.G. Fowler Jr., T.S. Steiner, P.M. Pecanha and G.R. Corey: Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 60, 837–839 (1999).
P. Linden, L. Lee and T.J. Walsh: Pharamcotherapy 19, 1261–1268 (1999).
W.S. Velasquez, F. Dunphy and G. Horwith: Proc. Am. Aoc. Clin. Oncol. 16, 33 Meet 84a (1997).
L.M. Baddour: Clin. Infect. Dis. 29, 1013 (1999).
J.A. Larkin, M.C. Targino and H. Waskin: Clin. Infect. Dis. 29, 999 (1999).
E.J. Anaissie, R. Ramphal and G. Horwith: Blood 88 (10, Suppl. 1, Pt. 1), 426a (1996).
A.P. Koehler, A.F.B. Cheng, K.C. Chu, C.H.S. Chan and A.S.S. Ho: J. Infect. 36, 113–115 (1998).
P.P. Cook: South. Med. J. 94, 548 (2001).
J. Nolla Sallas, J.M. Torres Roderiguez, S. Grau, F. Isbert, T. Torella et al.: Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 32, 560 (2000).
S.R. Virata, J.A. Kylstra, J.C. Brown, D.A. Wohl and M.S. Cohen: Clin. Infect. Dis. 28, 1177–1778 (1999).
S. de Marie, R. Janknegt and I.A.J.M. Bakker Woudenberg: J. Antimicrob. Chem. 33,907 (1994).
A. Clark, R. Chopra, S. McKendrick, P. Tansey and J.M. Franklin: Blood 90 (10, Suppl. 1, Pt. 1), 544–545 A (1997).
J.R. Johnson, P.J. Kangas and M. West: Clin. Infect. Dis. 27, 1342–1343 (1998).
S.P. Gelone: Blood 96 (11,Pt. 29), 389b (2000).
L. Annemans: 4th International Janssen-Cilag Symposium, Abstract book, p. 22 (2000).
A. Polak and H. Scholer: Rev. Inst. Pasteur 13, 233 (1980).
A. Polak: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 26, 465 (1990).
J.P. Greenstein, C.E. Carter, H.W. Chalkley and F.M. Lezuthaidt: J. Nati. Cancer Inst. 7, 9 (1946).
B.E. Harris, R.B. Diasio, B.W. Manning and T.W. Federle: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 29, 44 (1986).
H.J. Scholer and A. Polak, in: Antimicrob. Drug Resistance, Academic Press, New York 1984,393–460.
S. Weber and A. Polak: Mycoses 35,16–3 (1992).
W.L. Whelan and P. Magee: J. Bacteriol. 145, 896 (1981).
M.O. Fasoli, D. Kerridge and J.F. Ryley: J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 28, 27 (1990).
A. Polak: Mycoses 35,9 (1992).
C.A. Kaufmann and P.T. Frame: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 11, 244 (1997).
A.M. Stamm, R.B. Diasio, W.E. Dismuskes, S. Shadomy, C.A. Cloud, C.A. Bowles, G.H. Karam and A. Espinel-Ingroff: Am. J. Med. 83, 236 (1987).
T.J. Walsh: Clin. Infect. Dis. 15, 1003–1018 (1992).
M. White, C. Cirrinicione, A. Blevins and D. Armstrong: J. Infect. Dis. 165, 960 (1992).
A. Vernes, H.J. Guchelaar and J. Dankert: Chemotherapy 46, 335 (2000).
H. Vanden Bosche and P. Marichal, in: H. Yamaguchi, G.S. Kobayashi and H. Takahashim (eds.): Recent Progress in Antifungal Chemotherapy, Marcel Dekker, New York 1991, 25–40.
C.A. Hitchcock and R.J. Wittle, in: J.W. Rippon and R. Fromtling (eds.): Cutaneous Antifungal Agents, Marcel Dekker, New York 1993, 183–197.
C.A. Lyman and T.J. Walsh: Drugs 44, 9 (1992).
J.A. Como and W.E. Dismuskes: N. Eng. J. Med. 330, 263 (1993).
A. Datry, M. Thellier, B. Traoré, O. Alfa Cissé and M. Danis: Ann. Fr. Anesth. Réanim. 20, 389 (2001).
J.A. Bronstein, P. Gros, E. Hernandez. P. Larroque and C. Molinie: Clin. Infect. Dis. 25 1266–1267 (1997).
M.A. Pfaller, M. Bale, B. Buschelman, M. Lancaster, A. Espinel-Ingroff et al.: J. Clin. Microbiol. 33, 1104–1107 (1995).
M.A. Ghannoum, J.H. Rex and J.N. Galgiani: J. Clin. Microbiol. 34, 489–495 (1996).
L. SaiCheong, F. ChangPhone, H. JenSeng, T. ChiJen, C. KuoSu et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 2715–2718 (2000).
B.F. Dupont, E. Dromer and L. Improvisi: J. Mycol. Med. 6 (Suppl. 2), 12 (1996).
B.S. Zingman: J. Mycol. Med. 6 (Suppl. 2), 3 (1996).
M.H. Nguyen, J.E. Peacock, A.J. Morris, D.C. Tanner, M.L. Nguyen et al.: Am. J. Med. 100, 617–623 (1996).
T.R. Rogers: Current Opinion in Critical Care 7, 238 (2001).
R. Riichel, S. Keller and M. Schaffrinski: Mycoses 45, 109 (2002).
J.R. Maenza, W.G. Merz, M.J. Romagnoli, J.C. Keruly, R.D. Moore and J.E. Gallant: Clin. Infect. Dis. 24, 28–34 (1997).
S. Metzger and H. Hofmann: Mycoses 40, 56–63 (1997).
M. Masia Canuto, F. Gutierrez Rodero, V. de la Ortiz, V. Tabla Ducasse, I. Hernandez Aguado et al.: Eur. J Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 19, 593 (2000).
M. Ruhnke, A. Eigler, L. Teenegen, B. Geisler, E. Engelmann and M. Traulmann: J. Clin. Microbiol. 32, 2093 (1994).
E.M. Johnson and D.W Warnock: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 36, 751 (1995).
M. McCullough and S. Hume: J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 33, 33 (1995).
F. Barchiesi, R.J. Hollis, D.A. McGough, G. Scalise, M.G. Rinaldi and M.A. Pfaller: Clin. Infect. Dis. 20, 634 (1995).
J. Berenguer, T.M. Diaz-Guerra, B. Ruiz Diez, J.C.L.B. de Quiros, J.L. Rodriguez Tudela and J.V. Martinez-Suarez: J. Clin. Microbiol. 34, 1542 (1996).
F. Barchiesi, R.J. Hollis, M. Del Poeta, D.A. McGough, G. Scalise, M.G. Rinaldi and M.A. Pfaller: Clin. Infect. Dis. 27, 561 (1995).
X. JianPing, C. Onyewu, H.J. Yoel, R.Y. All, R.J. Vilgalys et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45, 420 (2001).
D.A. Goff, S.L. Koletar, W.J. Buesching, J. Barnishan and R.J. Fass: Clin. Infect. Dis. 20, 77 (1995).
A. Kunova, J. Trupl, S. Spanik, L. Drgona, J. Sufliarsky et al.: Chemotherapy 41, 39 (1995).
M.E Price, M.T. LaRocco and L.O. Gentry: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 1422 (1994).
K. Venkateswarlu, M. Taylor, N.J. Manning, M.G. Rinaldi and S.L. Kelly: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 748–751 (1997).
J. Wheat, P. Marchial, H. VanddenBosche, A. Le Monte and P. Connolly: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 410–414 (1997).
A.S. Orozco, M. Higgenbotham, C.A. Hitchcock, T. Parkinson, D. Falconer, A.S. Ibrahim et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42, 2645–2649 (1998).
S.L. Kelly, D.C. Lamb and D.E. Kelly: FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 180, 171 (1999).
D.C. Lamb, A. Corran, B.C. Baldwin, J. Kwong-Chung and S.L. Kelly: FEBS Lett. 368, 326 (1995).
D. Sanglard, K. Kuchler, F. Ischer, J. Pagani, M. Monod and J. Bille: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39,2378 (1995).
T. Parkinson, D.J. Falconer and C.A. Hitchcock: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39, 1696 (1995).
D.G. Albertson, M. Nimi, R.D. Cannon and H.F. Jenkinson: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40, 2835–2841 (1996).
K.W. Henry, J.T. Nickels and T.D. Edlind: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 2693 (2000).
A. Defontaine, J.P. Bouchara, P. Declerk, C. Planchenault, D. Chabasse and J.N. Hallet: J. Med. Microbiol. 48, 663–670 (1999).
H.M. Kasai, A. Francesconi, D. Landsman and S.J. Chanock: J. Med. Vet. Myc. 35, 133–137 (1997).
S. Wirsching, S. Michel, G. Köhler and J. Morschhäuser: J. Bacteriol. 182, 499 (2000).
C.N. Lyons and T.C. White: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 2296 (2000).
S. Wirsching, S. Michel and J. Morschhäuser: Molecular Microbiol. 36, 856 (2000).
S.K. Katiyar and T.D. Edlind: Medical Mycology 39,109 (2001).
X. He, R.N. Tiballi, L.T. Zarins, S.F. Bradley, J.A. Sangeorzan and C.A. Kauffman: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 2495 (1994).
E.M. Johnson, G.D. Kathleen, A. Azeleey and D.W. Warnock: J. Antimicrob. Chemother.36, 787 (1995).
T.P. Le, C.U. Tuzon, M. Levine, M. Borum and C. Rollhaiser: Clin. Infect. Dis. 23, 649–650 (1996).
M. Ruhnke, A. Adler and F.M. Müller: Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 6,220 (2000).
K. Fekete Forgas, L. Gytüre and B. Lenkey: Mycoses 43, 273 (2000).
V. Novelli and H. Holzel: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43, 1955–1960 (1999).
V. Krcmery Jr.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 44 (Suppl. A), 49 (1999).
D.A. Stevens, M. Diaz, R. Negroni, F. Montero-Gei, L.G. Castro et al.: Chemotherapy 43, 372 (1997).
C.A. Lawson, J.A. Karlowsky and G.G. Zhanel: Can. J. Hosp. Pharm. 51, 61–63 (1998).
M.O. Gearthart: Ann. Pharmacother. 28, 1177 (1994).
C.A. Lawson, J.A. Karlowsky, and G.G. Zhanel: Can. J. Hosp. Pharm. 51, 61 (1998).
W. Inman, G. Pearce and L. Wilton: Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 46, 115 (1994).
S.S. Jick: Pharmacotherapy 19, 221–222 (1999).
P. Mastroiacovo, T. Mazzone, L.D. Botto, M.A. Serafini, A. Finardi et al.: Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 175, 1645–1650 (1996).
T.J. Pursley, J.K. Blomquist, J. Abraham, H.F. Andersen and J.A. Bartley: Clin. Infect. Dis. 22,336 (1996).
K.A. Aleck and D.I. Bartley: Am J. Med. Genetics: 72, 253–256 (1997).
D.P. Niclau, H.M. Crowe, C.H. Nightingale and R. Quintiliani: Ann. Pharmacother. 29, 994 (1995).
R.M. Cadle, G.J. Zenon, M.C. Rodriguez Barradas and R.J. Hamill: Ann. Pharmacother. 29, 191 (1994).
V.J. Palkama, M.H. Isohanni, P.J. Neuvonen and K.T. Olkkola: Anesth. Analg. 87, 190–194 (1998).
P. Czyborra, B. Kremens, E. Brendel, M. Bald and M.C. Michel: Arch. Pharmacol. 357 (Suppl.), R165 (1998).
K.M. Kaukonen, K.T. Olkkola and P.J. Neuvonen: Clin. Pharm. Ther. 63, 151 (1998).
S. de Wit, M. Debier, M. de Smet, J. McCrea, J. Stone et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42, 223 (1998).
M.T. Bonin, S.R. Coy, B.D. Herman, B.J. Carel, R.D. Anderson and W.W. Freimuth: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 1892–1897 (1997)..
S. De Wit, E. O’Doherty, C. De Vroey and N. Clumeck: J. Int. Med. Res. 26, 159–170 (1998).
A. Plettenberg, A. Stoehr, G. Hoeffken, C. Bergs, B. Tschechne and M. Ruhnke: Infection 22, 118 (1994).
G. Barbaro, G. Barbarini, W. Calderon, B. Grisiorio, P. Alcini and G. Di Lorenz: Gastroenterology 111, 1169 (1996).
M. Akova, H.E. Akalm, O. Uzum, M. Hyran, G. Tekuman and E. Kansu: Clin. Infect. Dis. 18, 298 (1994).
D.E. Lake, J. Kunzweiler, M. Beer, D.N. Buell and M.Z. Islam: Chemotherapy 42, 308 (1996).
G. Barbaro, G. Barbarini, W. Calderon, B. Griserio, P. Alcini and G. Di Lorenzo: Gut 39 (Suppl. 3), A35 (1996).
F. Parente, S. Ardizzone, M. Cernuschi, S. Antinori, R. Esposito and M. Moroni: Am. J. Gastroenterol. 89, 416 (1994).
L. Rabeneck and L. Laine: Arch. Intern. Med. 154, 2705 (1994).
S.G. Revankar, W.R. Kirkpatrick, R.K. McAtee, O.P. Dib, A.W. Fothergill et al.: Am. J. Med. 105, 7–11 (1998).
J. Hendel, E. Svejgaard, E. Hage and I. Hendel: Scan. J. Gastroenterol. 32, 65 (1997).
B.M. Gripshover, H. Veldez, R.A. Salata and M.M. Lederman: AIDS 12, 2513–2514 (1998).
S.G. Revankar, S.E. Sanche, O.P. Dib, M. Caceres and T.F. Patterson: AIDS 12, 2511–2513 (1998).
J.L. Pagani, J.P. Chave, A. Iten, C. Durussel, J. Bille and M.P Glauser: Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 126 (9, Suppl. 74, Pt. 2), 49S (1996).
L. Bernstein, W. Hsu, J. Schliozberg and S. Iqbal: 76, 83 (1996).
S.G. Revankar, W. Kirkpatrick, R.K. McAtee, O.P. Dib, A.W. Fothergill et al.: J. Infect. Dis. 174, 821 (1996).
C. Domenge, J.L. Lefebvre and Y. Esnault: Eur. J. Cancer 35 (Suppl. 4), S161 (1999).
A. Wildfeuer, H. Laufen, R.A. Yeates and T. Zimmermann: Mycoses 39, 123 (1996).
M.D. Martins and J.H. Rex: Ann. Intern. Med. 126, 332–333 (1997).
A. Plattenberg, A. Stohr, W. Heise, F. Schlote, E. Sarnow and M. Migdal: Mycoses 42, 269–272 (1999).
J.H. Rex, J.E. Bennettt, A.M. Sugar, P.G. Pappas, C.M. van der Horst et al.: N. Eng. J. Med. 331, 1325 (1994).
K.M. Kramer, D.J. Skaar and B.H. Ackerman: Pharmacotherapy 17, 538–548 (1997).
J. Baran, B. Muckatira and R. Khatib: Scand. Infect. Dis. 33, 137 (2001).
D.L. Gibbs: Cum Ther. Res. 59, 197–202 (1998).
P. Kujath, K. Lerch, P. Kochendorfer and C. Boos: Infection 21, 376 (1993).
B.E. de Pauw, J.M.M. Raemaekers, J.P. Donnelly, B.J. Kullberg and EG.M. Meis: Annals of Hematology 70, 83 (1995).
E. Anaissie, R.O. Darouiche, D. Abi Said, O. Uzon, J. Mera et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 23, 964 (1996).
D. Armstrong: Clin. Infect. Dis. 16, 1–10 (1993).
E. Presterl and W. Graninger: Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 13, 347 (1994).
C. Fasano, J. O’Keeffe and D. Gibbs: Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 13, 351 (1994).
H. Bilgen, E. Ozek, V. Korten, B. Ener and D. Molbay: Infection 23, 394 (1995).
A.N. Gurpinar, E. Balkan, N. Kilcik, I. Kiristioglu, I. Avsar and H. Dogruyol: J. Int. Med. Res. 25, 214–218 (1997).
R. Schwarze, A. Penk and L. Pittrow: Mycoses 41 (Suppl. 1), 61–70 (1998).
N. Gurses and A.G. Kalayci: Clin. Infect. Dis. 23, 645 (1996).
M.K. Hostetter: Seminars Pediat. Infect. Dis. 12, 296–300 (2001).
J. Walsh, P.O. Whitcomber, S.G. Revankar and P.A. Pizzo: Cancer 76, 2357 (1995).
A. del Palacio, M.S. Cuetera, M. Ferro, E. Perez Blazquez, J.A. Lopez Sana and M.P. Roiz: Mycoses 36, 193 (1993).
M.E. Akler, H. Vellend, D.M. McNeely, S.L. Walmsley and W.L. Gold: Clin. Infect. Dis. 20, 657 (1995).
A. Penk: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 44 (Suppl. A), 48–49 (1999).
Z. Trizna, S.H. Chen, S. Lockart, K.F. Lundquist, E.B. Schmith et al.: Arch Dermatol. 136, 804 (2000).
P. Rossel, H.C. Schonheyder and H. Nielsen: Scan. J. Infect. Dis. 30, 527–530 (1998).
D.L. Turner, S.A. Johnson and S.A. Rule: J. Infect. 38, 51–53 (1999).
A. Penk and L.A. Pittrow: J. Antimicrob. Agents 44 (Suppl. A), 49 (1999).
M. Zervos and F. Meunier: J. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 3, 147 (1994).
L.G. Jacobs, E.A. Skidmore, K. Freeman, D. Lipschultz and N. Fox: Clin. Infect. Dis. 22, 30 (1996).
E.N. Vergis, I. Memel, M.H. Nguyen, E.S. Wong, A. Goetz and R.R. Muder: Clin. Infect. Dis. 25, 381 (1997).
J.D. Sobel, D. McKinsey, C. Kauffman, M. Zervos, J.A. Vezquez and J. Lee: Clin. Infect. Dis. 25, 357 (1997).
J.D. Sobel, C.A. Kauffman, C.A. McKinsey, M. Zervos, J.A. Vazquez et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 30, 19 (2000).
H.S. Leu and C.T. Huang: Clin. Infect. Dis. 20, 1152 (1995).
S.H. Ansari, M.H. Levin and S. Lipshitz: J. Urol. 154, 1870 (1995).
R.B. Corales, J.O. Tavee, G. Hall, G. Procop, T.R. Prasad et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 29, 1004 (1999).
E. Menichetti, M. Fiorio, A. Tosti, G. Gatti, M.B. Pasticci et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 22, 838 (1996).
S.D. Nightingale: Arch. Intern. Med. 155, 538 (1995).
R. Manfredi and F. Chiodo: Chemotherapy 44, 206–214 (1998)
M.C. Meyohas, J.L. Meynard, D. Bollens, P. Roux, A.M. Deluol et al.: J. Infect. 33, 7 (1996).
A.B. Clark, B.L. Lobo and M. S. Gelfand: Ann. Pharmacother. 30, 1408–1410 (1996).
F. Dromer, S. Mathoulin, B. Dupont, O. Burgiere, L. Letenneur and the French Cryptococcosis Group: Clin. Infect. Dis. 22 (Suppl. 2), 5154 (1996).
W.W. Yew, P.C. Wong, C.E. Wong, J. Lee and C.H. Chau: Drugs. Exp. Clin. Res. 22, 25 (1996).
E. Martinez, M.A. Garcia-Viejo, M.A. Marcos, J.B. Pérez-Cuevas, J.L. Blanco et al.: AIDS 14, 2615 (2000).
J.A. Newton, P. Olson, S.A. Tasker, W.D. Bone, M.T. Nguyen and E.C. Oldfield: Clin.Infect. Dis. 17, 563 (1993).
J.P. Viard, C. Hennequin, N. Fortineau, N. Pertuiset, C. Rothschild and H. Zylberberg: Lancet 346, 118 (1995).
A. Armengou, C. Porcar, J. Mascaro and F. Garcia Bragado: Clin. Infect. Dis. 23, 1337–1338 (1996).
K. Tintelnot, G. Schär and A. Polak: Mycoses 44, 345 (2001).
E.J. Anaissie, D.P. Kontoyiannis, V. Huls, S.E. Vartvarian, C. Karl, R. Prince, J. Bosso and G.P. Bodey: J. Infect. Dis. 172, 599 (1995).
D.A. Stevens: N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 1077 (1996).
C.A. Kauffman: Clin. Infect. Dis. 22 (Suppl. 2), S148 (1996).
C.A. Kauffman: Curr. Treatment Opinions Infect. Dis. 2, 487 (2001).
C.A. Kauffman: Curr. Treatment Opinions Infect. Dis. 2, 481 (2001).
St.W. Chapman, R.W. Bradsher, G. Douglas Campell, P.G. Pappas and C.A. Kauffman: C1M. Infect. Dis. 30, 679 (2000).
G.P. Pappas, R.W. Bradsher, S.W. Chapman, C.A. Kauffman, A. Dine, G.A. Cloud and W.A. Dismuskes: Clin. Infect. Dis. 20, 267 (1995).
P.G. Pappas, R.W. Bradsher, C.A. Kauffman, G.A. Cloud, C.J. Thomas et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 25, 200–205 (1997).
J. Wheat, S. MacWhinney, R. Hafner, D. McKinsey, D. Chen et al.: Am. J. Med. 103, 223–232 (1997).
J.F.G.M. Meis and P.E. Verweij: Drugs 61 (Suppl. 1), 13 (2001).
J. N. Galgiani, A.G. Cloud, A. Catanzaro, R.H. Johnson, L.F. Mirels et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 27, 939 (1998).
J.N. Galgiani, A. Catanzaro, G.A. Cloud, R.H. Johnson, P.L. Williams et al.: Ann. Intern. Medicine 133, 676 (2000).
S. Norris, J. Wheat, D. McKinsey, D. Lancaster, B. Katz and J. Black: Am. J. Med. 96 (6), 504 (1994).
H. Vanden Bossche, D.WR. Mackenzie, G. Cauwenbourg (eds.): Aspergillus and Aspergillosis, Plenum Press, New York 1988.
Mycoses 37 (Suppl. 2) (1994). J.M. Poirier, E. Berlioz, E. Isnard and G. Cheymol: Therapy 50 (Suppl.), 492 (1995).
J.M. Poirier, S. Hardy, F. Isnard, G. Cheymol and P. Jaillon: Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 12, 356 (1998).
V.J.S. van der Velde, AP. Van Peer, J.J.P. Heykants, R.J.H. Woestenborghs, P. Van Rooy et al.: Pharmacotherapy 16, 424–428 (1996).
A. Barone, B.I. Moskoitz, J. Guarnieri, A.E. Hassel, J.L. Colaizzi et al.: Pharmacotherapy 18, 295–301 (1998).
K. Vandewoude, D. Vogelaers, J. Decruyenaere, P. Jaqmin, K. de Beule et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 2714–2718 (1997).
L. Willems, R. van der Geest and K. de Beule: J. Clin. Pharmacy Therapeut. 26, 159 (2001).
D. Slain, P.D. Rogers, J.D. Clearly and St.W. Chapman: Ann. Pharmacother. 35, 720 (2001).
M. Schaffner-Korting, H. Korting, W. Rittler and W. ObermUller: Infection 23, 292 (1995).
K. Ventkateswarlu, D.W. Denning, N.J. Manning and S.L. Kelly: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40, 2443–2446 (1996).
M. Pfaller, R.N. Jones, G.V. Doern, H.S. Sader, R.J. Hollis and S.A. Messer: J. Clin. Microbiol. 36, 1886–1889 (1998).
R.M. Tucker, Y. Hag, D.W. Denning et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 26, 561–66 (1990).
F. Queiroz Telles, K.S. Purim, C.L. Boguszewski, F.C.S. Alfonso and H. Graf: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 40, 899–901 (1997).
J.A. Talwalkar, R.E. Soetikno, D. Carr Locke and C.L. Berg: Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94, 3632–3633 (1999).
F. Persat, P.E. Schwartzbrod, J. Troncy, Q. Timour, A. Maul et al.: Therapie 54, 294 (1999).
S.R. Ahmad, S.J. Singer and B.G. Leissa: Lancet 357,1766 (2001).
B. Bar Oz, M.F. Moretti, R. Bishai, G. Mareels, T. van Tittelboom et al.: J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 183, 617 (2000).
A.B.M. Foot, P.A. Veys and B.E.S. Gibson: Br. J. Haematol. 102, 211 (1998).
J. Drayton, G. Dickinson and M.G. Rinaldi: Clin. Infect. Dis. 18, 266 (1994).
D.J. Greenblatt, L.L. Von Moltke, J.S. Harmatz, M. Counihan, J.A. Graf et al.: J. Clin. Pharmacol. 38, 865 (1998).
J. Ahonen, K.T. Alkkola and R.J. Neuvonen: Therapie 50 (Suppl.), 190 and 421 (1995).
J.M. Poirier and G. Cheymol: Clin. Pharnacokinet. 35,461–73 (1998).
T.F. Patterson, J. Peters, S.M. Levine, A. Anzueto, C. Bryan et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40, 2217–2220 (1996).
K.M. Jalava, K. Olkkola, P.J. Neuvonen: Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 61, 410–415 (1997).
C.H.W. Koks, R.P.G. Van Heerswijk, A.I. Veldkamp, P.L. Meenhorst, J.W. van der Meer et al.: AIDS 14, 89–90 (2000).
J.C. Levron, Y. Mouton, C. Bazin, J.P. Moing, E. Chwetzoff et al: Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 13, 400 (1999).
A.R. MacKenzie Wood, M.J. Whitefield and J.E. Ray: Med. J. Austr. 170, 46–47 (1999).
J. Verspeelt, G. Marynissen, A.K. Gupta and P. De Doncker: Dermatology 198, 382–384 (1999).
P. Philipps, K. de Beule, G. Frechette, S. Tchamouroff, B. Vendercam et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 26, 1368–1373 (1998).
M. Boogaerts and J. Maertens: Drugs 61 (Suppl.), 39 (2001).
E. Peters, A. Pitie and M. Richardson: AIDS 12 (Suppl. 4), S 30 (1998).
J.R. Graybill, J. Vazquez, R.O. Darouiche, R. Morhart, G. Greenspan et al.: Am. J. Med. 104, 33–39 (1998).
C.M. Wilcox, R.O. Darouiche, L. Laine, B.L. Moskovitz, I. Mallegol et al.: J. Infect. Dis. 176, 227–232 (1997).
A. Urabe, Y. Mutoh, H. Mizoguchi, T. Miyazaki, A. Miura et al.: Jpn. J. Chemother. 47, 80–88 (1999).
J. de Gans, P. Portegies, G. Tiessens, J.K. Eeftinck-Schattenkerk and C.J. van Boxtel Patton: AIDS 6, 185 (1992).
M.A. Viviani, A.M. Tortorano, R. Woenstenberghs and R. Cauwenbergh: Mykosen 30, 233 (1988).
M.A. Viviani, A.M. Tortorano, A. Pagano, G.M. Vigevani, G. Gubertini, S. Cristina, M.L. Assaisso, E. Suter, C. Farina, B. Minetti et al.: J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 23, 587 (1990).
M. Saag, R.J. Graybill, R.A. Larsen, P.G. Pappas, J.R. Perfect et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 30, 710 (2000).
M.S. Saag, G.A. Cloud, J.R. Graybill, J.D. Sobel, C.U. Tuzon et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 28, 291–296 (1999).
D.W. Dismuskes and D.A. Stevens: Rev. Infect. Dis. 12, 1147 (1990).
J.J. Keating, T. Rogers, M. Petrou, J.D. Cartledge, D. Woodrow and M. Nelson: J. Clin. Pathol. 47, 805 (1994).
D.W. Denning, J.Y. Lee, J.S. Hodtetler, R. Pappas, C.A. Kauffman, D.H. Dewsnup, J.N. Galgiani, J.R. Graybill, A.M. Sugar, A. Catanzaro et al.: Am. J. Med. 97, 135 (1994).
D.A. Stevens and J.Y. Lee: Arch. Intern. Med. 16, 1857–1862 (1997).
D.W. Denning, A. Marinus, J. Cohen, D. Spence, R. Herbrecht et al.: J. Infect. 37, 173–180 (1998).
D. Caillot, H. Bassaris, A. McGeer, C. Arthur, H.G. Prentice et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 33, 83 (2001).
S. Lankron, C. Bachier, J. Lowder, C. Berkowitz and C.F. Le Maistre: Blood 96, 340b (2000).
S.M. Hakim, L.J.R. Milne, C. Fox, L.M. Nawroz, G. Webb and G.T. Vaugham: Br. J. Clin. Pract. 47, 312 (1993).
J.A.H. Van Burik, R. Colven and D.H. Spach: Clin. Infect. Dis. 27, 643–344 (1998).
S. Tasci, H. Schäfer, S. Ewig, G. Layer and A. Gillesen: Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 124, 1419–1422 (1999).
V. Le Moing, O. Lortholary, J.F. Timsit, A. Couvelard, C. Bouges Michel et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 26, 451–460 (1998).
F. Salez, A. Brichet, B. Wallaert and A.B. Tonnel: Eur. Resp. J. 12 (Suppl. 28), 97s (1998).
H.J. Schwartz, D.A. Stevens, J.Y. Lee, D. Jerome and A. Catanzaro: J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 103, S198 (1999).
I.B. Nepomuceno, S. Erig and S.R. Moss: Chest 115, 364–370 (1999).
M.L. Belli, B. Tubino, M.G. Diana, G. Manno, E. Ugolotti et al: Eur. Res. J. 10 (Suppl. 1), 335S (1997).
M.A. Canales, J. Sevilla, E.O. Gutierrez and F.H. Navarro: Clin. Infect. Dis. 26, 999–1000 (1998).
S.L. Goldberg, D.J. Geha, W.F. Marshall, D.J. Inwards and H.C. Hoagland: Clin. Infect. Dis. 16, 803–805 (1993).
K. Parthiban, S. Gnanaguruvelan, C. Janaki, G. Sentamilselvi and J.M. Boopalraj: Mycoses 41, 51–53 (1998).
W. Shaoxi, G. Ningru, L. Guixiz, X. Zhuin and S.Y. Nain: J. Mycol. Med. 7, 40–42 (1997).
S.K. Kabra, Y. Jain, T. Sudhin, K.V. Iyer, S. Ninan and V. Seith: Indian Pediatrics 35, 163–166 (1998).
L. Sigler, S. Estrada, N.A. Montealegre, M. Arango, C. de Bedout and A. Restrepo: J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 35, 365–370 (1997).
K.L. Jacobson, E.A. Whimbey and D.P. Kontoyiannis: Clin. Infect. Dis. 31, 251 (2000).
J.R. Graybill, in: J.E Ryley (ed.): Chemotherapy of Fungal Therapy, Springer Verlag, Berlin 1990, 455–482.
A. del Palacio, C. Gomez-Hernando, E. Revenga, E. Carabias, A. Gonzalez et al.: Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 21, 241 (1996).
K.M. Acland, R.J. Hay and R. Groves: Br. J. Dermatol. 138, 354–356 (1998).
D.I. Wittle and S. Kominos: Clin. Infect. Dis. 21, 1068 (1995).
T.J. Babinchak, E.B. Rotheram and M. Slifkin: Clin. Infect. Dis. 21, 772 (1995).
K.C. Mouzner, S. Rhoades and J.E. Blank: Clin. Infect. Dis. 29, 1380 and 1559 (1999).
S.M. Kralovic and J.C. Rhodes: J. Infect. 31, 107 (1995).
U.M. Tendolkar, P. Kerkar, A. Gogate and A.A. Padhye: J. Infection 36,122–125 (1998).
D.A. Sutton, W.D. Timm, G. Morgan Jones and M.G. Rinaldi: J. Clin. Microbiol. 37, 807–811 (1999).
M.R. Vieria, A. Milheiro and F.A. Pacheco: Med. Mycol. 39, 135 (2001).
C.A. Kauffman: Clin. Infect. Dis. 22 (Suppl. 2), 5148 (1996).
A.M. Tobon, L. Franco, D. Espinal, I. Gomez, M. Arango et al.: Pediatric Infect. Dis. J. 15, 1002–1008 (1996).
K. Bodily, J.R. Perfect, G. Procop, M.K. Washington and J. Affronti: Gastrointest. Ebdoscopy 43, 518–521 (1996).
G.C. Velho, J.M. Babral, A. Massa: J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venerol. 10,77–80 (1998).
J. Wheat, R. Hafner, A.H. Korzun, M.T. Limjoco, P. Spencer, R.A. Larsen, E.M. Hecht and W. Powderly: Am. J. Med. 98, 336 (1995).
F.M. Hecht, J. Wheat, A.H. Korzun, R. Hafner, K.J. Skahan et al.: J. AIDS and Human Retrovirology: 16, 100–107 (1997).
W.E. Dismuskes, R.W Bradsher, G.C. Cloud, C.A. Kauffman, R.B. George, D et al.: Am. J. Med. 93, 489 (1992).
R. Negroni, O. Palmierei, F. Koren, L.N. Tiraboschi and R.L. Galimberti: Rev. Infect Dis. 9 (Suppl.), S47 (1987).
L.F. Mirels and D.A. Stevens: Western. J. Med. 166, 58–59 (1997).
J.N. Galgiani, A. Catanzaro, G.A. Cloud, R.H. Johnson, P.L. Williams et al.: Ann. Intern. Med. 133, 676 (2000).
A.D. Badley and R.E. van Scoy: Clin. Infect. Dis. 23, 384–95 (1996).
P.K. Sharkey-Mathis, C.A. Kauffman, J.R. Graybill, D.A. Stevens, J.S. Hostetler et al.: Am. J. Med. 95, 279 (1993).
P.H. Chandrasekar and E. Manavathu: Drugs of Today 37, 135 (2001).
J.A. Sabo and S.A. Abdel-Rahman: Ann. Pharmacother. 34, 1032 (2000).
FDA Briefing Document for Voriconazole (2001).
Pfizer: Drug of the Future 21, 266–271 (1996).
H. Sanati, P. Belanger, R. Fratti and M. Ghonnoum: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 41, 2492–2496 (1997).
R. Ally, D. Schtirmann, W. Kreisel, G. Carosi, K. Auirrrebengoa et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 33, 1447 (2001).
B. Dupont, D. Denning, H. Lode, S. Yonren, P. Troke et al.: 35th ICAAC San Francisco, Abstract book (1995).
D. Denning, A. del Favara, B. Glackman, D. Norfolk, M. Ruhnke et al.: 35th ICAAC San Francisco, Abstract book (1995).
D.W. Denning, P. Ribaud, N. Milpied, D. Caillot, R. Hebrecht et al: Clin. Infect. Dis. 34 in print (2002).
A.H. Groll and T.J. Walsh: Expert Opinion Investig. Drugs 10, 1545 (2001).
FDA Briefing Document for Candidas® (2001).
G.M. Keating and B. Javis: Drugs 61, 1121 (2001).
T. Chiller, K. Farrokhshad, E. Brummer and D.A. Stevens: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 3302 (2000).
G. Medoff, M. Comfort and G.S. Kobayashi: Proc. Assoc. Exp. Biol. Med. 138, 571–574 (1971).
A. Polak: Mycoses 42, 355–370 (1999).
P.P. Cook: South. Med: J. 94, 936 (2001).
L. Rodero, S. Cordoba, P. Cahn, F. Hochenfellner, G. Davel et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 45, 239 (2000).
A. Louie, P. Kaw, P. Banerjee, W. Liu, G. Chen and M.H. Miller: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45, 485 (2001).
S. Velasquez, E. Bailey and A. Jandourek: Clin. Infect. Dis. 31, 266 (2000).
D.P. Kontoyiannis, R.E. Lewis, N. Sager, G. May, R.A. Pronce et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 2915 (2000)..
N.S. Ryder and I. Leitner: Medical Mycology 39, 91 (2001).
S. Arikan, M. Lozano-Chiu, V. Pathnick and J.H. Rex: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 245 (2002).
F. Barchiesi, D. Gallo, F. Caselli, L. Falconi Do Francesco, D. Arzeni, A. Giacometti and G. Scalise: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 44, 65–70 (1999).
F. Barchiesi, A.M. Schimizzi, L.K. Najvar, R. Bocanegra, F. Caselli et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45, 1355 (2001).
M. Weig and F.M.C. Muller: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45, 966 (2001).
th Interscience Confecrence on Abtimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), Abstract book (2001).
A.T. Hoang: Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 58, 1206 (2001).
A. Wasson, M.E. Klepser, R.E. Lewis, E.J. Ernst and M.A. Pfaller: Pharmacotherapy 19, 489 (1999).
O. Marchetti, P. Moreillon, M.P. Glauser, J. Bille and D. Sanglard: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 2373–2381 (2000).
C. Pina Vaz, F. Sansonetty, A.G. Roderigues, M.J. Martinez de Olivera, A.F. Fonseca et al.: J. Med. Microbiol. 49, 831 (2000).
A. Louie, W. Liu, D.A. Miller, A.C. Sucke, Q.F.F. Liu, G.L. Drusano, M. Mayers and M.H. Miller: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 43, 2831–2840 (1999).
A.M. Lemonte: Abstr. Gen. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 99, 320 (1999).
A.M. LeMonte, K.E. Washum, M.L. Smedana, C. Schnizlein Bick, S.M. Kohler et al.: J. Infect. Dis. 182, 545 (2000).
A. Louie, P. Banerjee, G.L. Drusano, M. Shayegani and M.H. Miller: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 43, 2841–2847 (1999).
O. Marchetti, D. Sanglard, J. Bille and M.P. Glauser: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 2932 (2000).
J.E. Bennett, W.E. Dismuskes, R.J. Duma, G. Medoff, M.A. Sande et al.: J. N. Engl. J. Med. 301, 127 (1979).
W.E. Dismuskes, G. Cloud, H.A. Gallis, I.M. Kerkering, G. Medoff et al.: N. Engl. J. Med. 317, 334 (1987).
M. White, C. Cirrincione, A. Blevins and D. Armstrong: J. Infect. Dis. 165, 960 (1992).
Ch.M. Van der Horst, M.S. Saag, G.A. Cloud, R.J. Hamill, R.J. Graybill et al.: New. Eng. J. Med. 337,15–21 (1997).
R.A. Larsen, S.A. Bozzette, B.E. Jones, D. Haghighat, M.A. Leal et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 19, 741 (1994).
M.D. Witt, R.J. Lewis, R.A. Larsen, E.N. Milefchik, A.F. Leal et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 22, 322–328 (1996).
Z. Yao, W. Liao and H. Wen: Chin. Med. J 113, 178 (2000).
R.E. Verweij, J.P. Donnelly, B.J. Kullberg, J.F.G.M. Meis and P.E. de Pauw: Infection 22, 81 (1994).
M. Fernandez, E.H. Moylett, D. Noyola and C.J. Barker: Clin. Infect. Dis. 31, 458 (2000).
J.E. Casado, C. Quereda, J. Oliva et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 2, 673 (1997).
I.K.P Cheng, G.X. Fang, T.M. Chan and M.K. Chan: Quart. J. Med. 71, 265, 407 (1989).
A. Slingeneyer, B. Laroche, E. Stec, B. Canaud, J.J. Beraud and C. Mion: Pent. Dial. Bulletin 4 (Suppl. 1), 60 (1984).
P.A. Burch, J.E. Karp and J. Merz: J. Clin. Oncol. 5, 1985 (1987).
B. Zimmermann, D. Hobusch, C. Hain, U. Kaben and C. Plath: Klein. Paediatr. 212, 5120 (2000).
I.E. Bajjoka, E.M. Bailey, J.A. Vazquez and M.S. Abouljoud: Pharmacothetrapy 19, 118 (1999).
R. Negroni, A.M. Robles and A. Arechiavala: Rev. Argentina de Micologia 18, 2 (1995).
T.J. Walsh, J. Van Cutsem, A. Polak and J.R. Graybill: J. Med.Vet. Mycol. 30 (Suppl. 1), 225 (1992).
D. Metcalf: Blood 74, 1673–1677 (1989).
S. Schelenz, D.A. Schmith and G.J. Bancroft: Medical Mycology 37, 183–194 (1999).
M. Egerton, S.E. Koshlukova, M.W. B. Araujo, R.C. Patel, J. Dong et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 3310 (2000).
E. Roilides, A. Anastasiou-Katsiardani, A. Dimitradou Georgiadou, I. Kadilsoglou, S. Tsaparidou et al.: J. Infect. Dis. 178, 1734–1742 (1998).
N. Vazquez, T.J. Walsh, D. Friedman, S. Chanok and C.A. Lyman: Infect. Immun. 66, 145–150 (1998).
J.E. Lutz, K.V. Clemons, W.C. Darbonne, J.T. Curnutte and D.A. Stevens: Clin. Infect. Dis. 23, 899 (1996).
E. Sasaki, T. Tashiro, M. Kuroki, M. Seki, Y. Miyazaki et al.: Clin. Ex. Infect. 119, 293 (2000).
J.L. Herrmann, N. Dubois, M. Fourgeaud, D. Bassei and P.H. Lagrange: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 34, 1051 (1994).
A.L. Baltch, R.P. Smith, M. Franke, W. Ritz, P. Michelsen et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45, 96 (2001).
A.L. Baltch, R.P. Smith, M. Franke, P. Michelsen and W. Ritz: Clin. Infect. Dis. 27, 984 (1998).
S.M. Vora, S. Chauhan, E. Brummer and D.A. Stevens: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42, 2299 (1998).
K.V. Clemons, J.E. Lutz and D.A. Stevens: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45, 686 (2001).
A. Polak: Mycoses 34, 109 and 205 (1991).
J.R. Graybill, R. Bocanegra, L.K. Loebenberg and M.F. Luther: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42, 3467 (1998).
T. Kuhara, K. Uccida and H. Yamaguchi: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 19 (2000).
G.S. Deepe and R. Gibbons: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 3328 (2000).
T. Tanica, F. Rao, T. Hamada, E. Ueta and T. Osaki: Infect. Immun. 69, 3883 (2001).
N. Bodasing, R.A. Seaton, G. Shankland and A. Pithie: AIDS 14, 5128 (2000).
J. DeMaio and I. Colman: Clin. Infect. Dis. 31,822 (2000).
J.B. Garcia Diaz, L. Palau and G.A. Pankey: Clin. Infect. Dis. 32, 166 (2001).
M. Boogaerts: 4th International Janssen-Cilag Symposium, Abstract book, p. 18 (2000).
H.J. Tietz, H. Martin and S. Koch: Mycoses 44, 450 (2001).
A. Schaffner: Baillieres Clin. Infect. Dis. 1, 449 (1994).
I.S. Faser and D.W. Denning: Blood Rev. 7,208 (1993).
EORTC International Antimicrob.Therapy Cooperative Group: Am. J. Med. 86, 668 (1989).
K.A. Marr: N. Engl. J. Med. 346, 278 (2002).
H.G. Prentice, I.M. Hann, R. Herbrecht, M. Auon, S. Kvaloy et al.: Bt. J. Haematol. 98, 711–718 (1997).
M.H. White, R.A. Bowden, E.S. Sandler, M.L. Graham, G.A. Noskin et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 27, 296–302 (1998).
R. Martino, A. Domingo Albos, A. Sureda, S. Brunet and J. Sierra: Chemotherapy 45, 205 (1999).
J. Mehta, R. Powles, B. Sirohi, J. Treleaven, S. Kulkarni et al: Blood 96, 24a (2000).
T.J. Walsh, R.W. Finberg, C. Arndt, J. Hiemenz, C. Schwarz et al.: N. Engl. J. Med. 340, 764–771 (1999).
J.R. Wingard, M.H. White, E. Anaissie et al: Clin. Infect. Dis. 31, 1155 (2000).
S.M. Stemmer and I. Hardan: Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 15 (32 Meet.), 544 (1996).
I.A. Malik, I. Moid, Z. Aziz, S. Khan, M. Suleman: Am. J. Med. 105, 478–483 (1998).
D.J. Winston, J.W. Hathorn, M.G. Schuster, G.J. Schiller, M.C. Trerrito et al.: Am. J. Med. 108, 282–289 (2000).
R.K. Pelz, C.W. Hendrix, S.M. Swoboda, M. Diener-West, W.G. Merz et al.: Ann. Surgery, 233, 542 (2001).
M. Boogaerts, D.J. Winston, E.J. Bow, G. Garber, A.C. Reboli et al.: Ann. Intern. Med. 135, 412 (2001).
T.J. Walsh, P. Pappas, D.J. Winston, M. Hillard, M.D. Lazarus et al.: N. Eng. J. Med. 346, 225 (2002).
A.H. Groll, J. Ritter and F.M.C. Muller: Klein. Pädiatr. 213 (Suppl. 1), A50 (2001).
A. BOhme, M. Karthaus and D. Hoelzer: Chemotherapy 45, 224–232 (1999).
Working Party of the British Society for Antimicrob. Chemotherapy: J. Antimicrob.Chemother. 32, 5 (1993).
E. Devigili, M. Casini, V. Casiba, G. Amaddii, M. Fabris and P. Coser: Blood 94 (10, Suppl. 1, Pt.), 219b (1999).
M. Karthus, T. Döllmann, T. Klimasch, C. Elser, C. Rosenthal et al.: Chemotherapy 46, 293–302 (2000).
A. Böhme and D. Hölzer: Blood 94 (10, Suppl. 1, Pt. 2), 47b (1999).
P.O. Gubbins, J.L. Bowman and S.R. Penzak: Pharmacotherapy 18, 549 (1998).
A. de Laurenzi, A. Matteocci, A. Lanti, L. Pescador, F. Blandino et al.: Infection 24, 361 (1996).
S.B. Mossad, D.L. Longworth, R.K. Avery, S.K. Schmitt, K.A. Adal et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 31, 265 (2000).
A S. Uhlenbrock, M. Zimmermann, W. Fegeler, H. Jürgens and J. Ritter: Mycoses 44, 455 (2001).
T. Pithier, H. Böttker, S.W. Möller, B. Bewig and J. Cremer: Pneumologie 54, S71 (2000).
A A. Pession, C. Castellini, G. Giorgiani, S. Cesaro, A. Prete et al.: Blood 96, 786a (2000).
W.G. Powderly, D.M. Finkelstein, J. Feinberg, P. Frame, W. He, Ch. van der Horst, S.L. Koletar, M.E. Eyster, S.A. Spector and S.A. Bozette: N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 700 (1995).
P. Schuman, L. Capps, G. Peng, J. Vazquez, W. El Sadr et al.: Ann. Intern. Med. 126, 689–696 (1997).
D.V. Havlir, M.P. Dube, J.A. McCutchan, D.N. Forthal, C.A. Kemper et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 27, 1369–1375 (1998).
V. Soriano, C. Dona, R. Rodriguez Rosado, P. Barreiro and J. Gonzalez Lahoz: AIDS 14, 383–386 (2000).
A.H. Groll, G. Just Nübling, M. Kurz, C. Müller, U. Nowak Göttl et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 40, 855–862 (1997).
M.E. Ellis, S.M. Hussein Quadri, D. Spence, M.A. Halim, P. Ernst and H. Clink: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 33, 1223 (1994).
K.A. Marr, K. Seidel, M.A. Slavin, R.A. Bowden, H.G. Schoch et al.: Blood 96, 2055 (2000).
K.A. Marr, K. Seidel, M.A. Slavin, R.A. Bowden, H.G. Schoch et al.: Blood 94 (10, Suppl. 1), 394a (1999).
R. Powles, D. Cunningham, B. Jameson, C. Tiley, J. Mehta et al.: Blood 92 (10, Suppl. 1) 337b (1998).
K. Violaris, B. Doraiswamy, O. Olawepo, D. Risucci and M. Gulrajani LaCorte: Pediatrics 102 775 (1998).
J. Garbino, P. Lew, J. Romand, J.C. Chevrolet, R. Auckenthaler and F.D. Pittet: Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 129 (Suppl. 105, Pt 2), l0s (1999).
W.T. Spula, P.B. Kale Pradhan: Ann Pharmacother. 36 155 (2002).
Y. Kanada, R. Yamamoto, A. Chizuka, T. Suguro, C. Arai et al.: Cancer 89 1611 (2000).
A. Schaffner and M. Schaffner: J. Infect. Dis. 172 1035 (1995).
K.A. Marr, K. Seidel, T.C. White and R.A. Bowden: J. Infect. Dis. 181 308–316 (2000).
J. Berg, C.J. Clancy and M.H. Nguyen: Clin Infect. Dis. 26 186–187 (1998).
C.C. Kibbler: Mycoses 42 (Suppl. 2), 121–124 (1999).
N. Singh: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 45 749 (2000).
S. Chariyalertsak, K. Supparatpinyo, T. Sirisanthana and K.E. Nelson: Clin. Infect. Dis. 34 277 (2002).
F. Morgenstern, A.G. Prentice, H.G. Prentice, J.E. Ropner, S.A Schey et al.: Br. J. Haematol. 105 901 (1999).
J.L. Harousseau, A.W. Dekker, A. Stamatoullas. H. Bassaris, W. Linkesch et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44,1887 (2000).
G. Kovacicova, V. Krcmery, A. Roidova, J. Trupl, D. Sejnova et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 44 (Suppl. A), 49–50 (1999).
V. Krcmery, E. Oravcova, S. Spanik, M. Mrazova Studena, J. Trupl et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 41 373–380 (1998).
M.G. Crespo, J.A. Rodriguez, F. Portela, J.J. Cuenca, A. Juffe et al.: Eur. Heart J. 18 (Abstr Suppl.) 180 (1997).
H. Myint, R. Hall, S. Bolam, A.A. Kyi and R. Winn: Blood 92 (10, Suppl. 1, Pt. 2), 336b (1998).
R.W. Ellis, S. Singhai, D.J. Mutimer, J.G.M. Hastings: J. Infect. 36 A16 (1998).
J. Hamacher, A. Spiliopoulos, A.M. Kurt and L.P. Nocod: Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 128 (Suppl. 100), 12S (1998).
th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), Abstract book (2000).
F. Barchiesi, D. Arzeni, V. Cmiletti, O. Simonetti, A. Cellini et al.: J. Clin. Microbiol. 39 4208 (2001).
C. Lurigados, I. Izquierdo, I. Perez and E. Nieto: Mycoses 44 (Suppl. 1), 46 (2001).
S.M. Salama, H. Atwal, A. Gandhi, J. Simon, M. Poglod et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45 2420 (2001).
T. Konosu, S. Oida, Y. Nakamura, S. Seki, T. Uchida et al.: Chem. Pharm. Bull. 49 1649 (2001).
M.A. Hossain, S. Maesaki, M.S. Razzaque, K. Tomono, T. Taguchi et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 46 263 (2000).
S. Kohno, M.A. Hossain, S. Sasaki, H. Kakeya, K. Tomono et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 25 489 (1997).
J. Szlinder Richert, J. Mazerski, B. Cybulska, J. Grzybowska, E. Borowski: Biochem. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj. 1528 15 (2001).
C. Rimaroli and T. Bruzzese: Chemotherapy 46 28–35 (2000).
V. Strippoli, F.D. D’Auria, G. Simonetti, T. Bruzzese, N. Simonetty: J. Chemother. 45 235–237 (2000).
R. Powles, S. Kulkarni, J. Treleavan, K. Hobbs, B. Sirohi et al.: Blood 94 (10 Suppl. 1, Pt.). 342a (1999).
D. Gordon, K. Baird, R. Darouiche, V. Fainstein, L. Juaregui et al.: Clin. Infect. Dis. 25 382 (1997).
D.R. Graham, O.H. Wesly, V.L. Molnar, D.C. Crabtree and S.H. Jennison: Abstr. Gen. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 98 48–49 (1998).
E.T. Burt: Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents 11 269 (2001).
C. Rimorali and T. Bruzzese: Chemotherapy 46 28 (2000).
A. Saha, L. Liu, R.I. Simoneaux, M.J. Kukla, F.C. Odds et al.: Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. 219, 158 (2000).
T. Tsukuda, Y. Shiratori, M. Watanabe, H. Ontsuka, K. Hattori et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 8 1819/1825 (1998).
D. Zakula, J.O. Capobianco and R.C. Goldman: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 39 261–264 (1997).
T. Kuchta, H. Bujdakova and E. Sidoova: Folia Microbiol. 34 504 (1998).
A. Scozzafava, A. Nicolae, O. Maior, F. Briganti and C.T. Supuran: J. Enzym. Inhib. 14 49–68 (1998).
S. Watanabe, H. Hirai, M. Ishiguro, T. Kambara, T. Matsunaga et al.: J. Antibiot. 54, 904 (2001).
K. Minagawa, S. Kouzuki, K. Nomura, T. Yamaguchi, T. Kawamura et al.: J. Antibiot. 54 890/896 (2001).
M. Borg, V. Zeppelin, K. Zazchke, U. Gross and F.M. Müller: Mycoses 44 209 (2001).
R.J. Graybill: Int. J. Clin. Oract. 55, 633 (2001).
N.H. Georgopapadakou: Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs 10 269 (2001).
S. Tawara, F. Ikeda, K. Maki, Y. Morishita, K. Otomo et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44 57/614 (2000).
S. Matsumoto, Y. Wakai, T. Nakai, K. Hatano, T. Ushitani et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44 619 (2000).
th ICAAC Abstract Book F141, F143, F144, F146 (1998).
th ICAAC Abstract Book, F 50, J 134 (1998).
J. Onishi, M. Meinz, J. Thompson, J. Currotto, S. Dreikorn et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44 368 (2000).
A. Fujie, T. Wamoto, B. Sato, H. Muramatsu, C. Kasakara: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 11 399 (2001).
D. Barrett, A. Tanaka, K. Harada, E. Watabe, K. Maki et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 11 1843 (2001).
J. Goldberg, P. Connolly, C. Schnizlein Bick, M. Durkin, S. Kohler et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44 1624 (2000).
L.T. Ganesan, E.K. Manavathu, J.L. Cutright and P. Chandrasekar: Clin. Infect. Dis. 22 1199 (2001).
C.C. Chiou, N. Mavrogiorgos, E. Tillem, R. Hector and T. Walsh: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45 3310 (2001).
D.A. Stevens: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44 2547 (2000).
K. Masubuchi, M. Taniguchi, K. Hattori, H. Suda, Y. Kohchi et al.: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 10 1459 (2000).
M. Sudoh, T. Yamazaki, K. Masubuchi, M. Taniguchi, N. Shimma et al.: J. Biol. Chem. 275, 32901 (2000)..
Kang Sik Park, Kap Chul Kang, Ki Young Kim et al.: J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 47 513 (2001).
D.A. Stevens, H.A. Brammer, D.W. Meyer and B.H. Steiner: Clin. Infect. Dis. 27 987 (1998).
A.M. Janiak, S. Milewsi: Med. Mycol. 39 401 (2001).
I. Gautier Lefebvre, J.B. Behr, G. Guillerm and N.S. Ryder: Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett 10 1483 (2000).
J. Leclerque: J. Pharm. Belg. 56, 95 (2001).
M.K. Bedi and P.D. Sheenefelt: Arch. Dermatol. 138 232 (2002).
Z.F. Khana and R. Katiyar: Pharm Biol. 38 87 (2000).
A. Lopez, D.S. Ming and G.H.N. Towets: J. Nat. Prod. 65, 62 (2002).
C. Pina Vaz, A. Goncalves Rodrigues, E. Pinot, S. Costa de Oliviera, A. Martinez de Oliviera et al.: Mycoses 44 (Suppl. 1), 59 (2001).
X.Y. Ye and T.B. Ng: Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 273 111 (2000).
S. Magaldi, M.E. Giron and A. Rodriguez-Acosta: Mycoses 45 19 (2002).
Y. Aoki, M. Yamamoto, S.M. Hosseini-Mazinani, N. Koshikawa, K. Sugimoto and M. Arisawa: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40 127 (1996).
A.I. de Lucca and T.J. Walsh: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43 1(1999).
A.M. Ben Josef, E.K. Manavathu, D. Platt and J.D. Sobel: Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 13 287 (2000).
E. Manavathu, J.R. Dimmok, S.C. Vashishta and P.H. Chandrasekar: Antimoicrob. Agents Chemother. 43 2950 (1999).
M.C. Justice, M.J. Hsu, T. Ku, J. Balkovecs, D. Schmatz et al.: J. Biol. Chem. 273 3148 (1998).
J.M. Dominguez, M.G. Gomez-Lorenzo and J.J. Martin: J. Biol. Chem. 274 22423 (1999).
M. Skastry, J. Nielsen, T. Ku, M.J. Hsu, P. Liberator et al.: Microbiology 147 393 (2001).
E. Herreros, C.M. Martinez, M.J. Almela, M.S. Marriott, F.G. de las Heras et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42 283 (1998).
E. Herreros, M.J. Almela, S. Lozano, F.G. de las Hems and D. Gargallo Viola: Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 45 3132 (2001).
M. Cuenca-Estrella, E. Mellado, T.M. Diaz-Guerra, A. Monzon and J.L. Rodriguez-Tudela: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45 905 (2001).
A. Martinez, P. Aviles, E. Jimenez, J. Caballero and D. Gargallo-Viola : Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44 3389 (2000).
K.V. Clemons and D.A. Stevens. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44 1874 (2000).
A. Martinez, J. Regardera, E. Jimenez, I. Santos and D. Gargallo-Viola. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45 1008 (2001).
A. Martinez, S. Ferrer, I. Santos, E. Jimenez, J. Sparrowe et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45 3304 (2001).
J.D. Nosanchuk, R. Ovalle and A. Casadevall: J. Infect. Dis. 183 1093 (2001).
th Tagung der DMyk: Mycoses 43, pages 217, 222, 233, 240, 248, 250 (2000).
F.C. Odds: ASM News 60 313 (1994).
J.R. Perfect: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40 1577 (1996).
Ch. Bulawa, D.W. Miller, L.K. Henry and J.M. Becker: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 10579 (1995).
T. Wu, K. Wright, S.F. Hurst and C.J. Morrison: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44 1200 (2000).
K. Fekere Forgacs, L. Gyure and B. Lenkey: Mycoses 43 273 (2000).
J.R. Graybill, E. Montalbo, W.R. Kircpatrick, M.F. Luther, S.G. Revankar et al.: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42 2938 (1998).
S. Rupp: Bio World 3, 21 (2000).
M. Niewerth and H.C. Korting: Mycoses 44 361 (2001).
H. Hanel, R. Kirsch, H.L. Schmidts and K. Kottmann: Mycoses 38 251 (1995).
F. de Bernardis, P. Sullivan and A. Cassone: Medical Mycology 39, 303 (2001).
B. Hube, C.J. Turver, F.C. Odds, H. Eifert, G.J. Boulnois et al.: J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 29 129 (1991).
M. Badasso, S.P. Wood, C. Anuiler, J.B. Cooper, T.L. Blundell and T. Dreyer: J. Mol. Biol. 232 701 (1992).
R. Rtichel, B. Ritter and M. Schaffrinski: Zbl. Bakt. 273 391 (1990).
L. Angiolella, E. De Bernardis, C. Bromuro, E. Mondollo, T. Ceddia and A. Cassone: J. Chemother. 2 55 (1990).
O. Hruskova Heidingsfeldova, J. Dostal, L. Pavlickova, M. Soucek and V. Pichova: Mycoses 44 252 (2001).
H. Matayuki, I. Masoto, A. Kenji: Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho, 8 pp (1993).
H.C. Korting, M. Schaller, G. Eder, G. Hamm, U. Banner and B. Hube: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43 2038–2042 (1999).
M. Monond, A. Telenti and D. Sanglard: Dermatoloy 197 209 (1998).
M. Monod, M. Borg-von Zepelin, A. Telenti and D. Samglard: Dermatology 198 412–414 (1999).
R. Wurzner, J. Bektic, M. Borg-Von Zeppelin and M.P. Dietrich: Mycoses 44 249 (2001).
A. Gruber, C. Speth, E. Lukasser-Vogel, R. Zangerle, M. Borg-von Zepelin et al.: Immunopharmacology 41 227–234 (1999).
S. Hood, A. Bonington, J. Evans and D. Denning: AIDS 12 447–448 (1998).
C. Atzori, E. Angelli, A. Macinini, F. Agostani, V. Michell and A. Cargnell: J. Infect. Dis. 181 1629 (2000).
Z. Thang, H.N. El Sohly, M.R. Jacob, D.S. Walker and A.M. Clark: Planta Med. 68 49 (2002).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Basel AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Polak, A. (2003). Antifungal therapy - state of the art at the beginning of the 21st century. In: Jucker, E. (eds) Antifungal Agents. Special Topic, vol 001. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7974-3_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7974-3_4
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-7643-6926-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-7974-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive