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Seismic Exploration pp 129–160Cite as

Birkhäuser

Seismic Prospecting

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Part of the book series: LMW/A 7: Astronomisch-geophysikalische Reihe ((LMW/A,volume 7))

Abstract

We have seen from the previous discussion that a medium having anomalous structural features affects both velocity and direction of a propagating seismic wave. Observation of such effects is the essence of seismic prospecting. In fact all types of waves (reflected, refracted, and direct) have been employed in this type of investigation.

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Abbreviations

a:

minimum amplitude of a signal, also used as constant in equations (5.12) and (5.13)

b:

constant used in equations (5.12) and (5.13)

A:

maximum amplitude of a signal

i o, i 1 :

angle of incidence

i c :

critical angle of incidence

m d :

slope of the straight-line curve of a down-dip refraction

m u :

slope of the straight-line curve of an up-dip refraction

M:

ratio of two powers or two amplitudes

n, N:

integers

R(β):

directivity function of a non-weighted linear array of geophones

S o :

geophone sensitivity to vertical displacement

S(ϕ):

geophone sensitivity, function of ϕ

T c :

travel time for a reflected wave received at the critical distance

T m :

time-coordinate of the apex of the reflection hyperbola

T o :

two-way vertical time (= 2z/v o)

T x :

total travel time of a reflected, refracted, or direct wave

v o, v 1 ..., v n , ..., v N :

wave velocity in the surface layer and in the following layer sequence

v(z):

wave velocity, function of depth (= a + bz); a and b are constants

V̄:

average velocity

V̄ e :

erroneous average velocity

V̂:

root mean square (rms) velocity

x:

source-to-detector distance

x c :

critical distance, minimum distance of a refraction arrival

x m :

x-coordinate of the apex of the reflection hyperbola

z:

perpendicular distance from source to reflector

z m :

maximum depth of penetration for a refracted wave in a medium whose velocity is linearly increasing with depth

z n :

thickness of layer n

α:

angle between direction of true dip and the x-axis

β:

argument of the directivity function (= πΔx/λ)

ΔT :

normal moveout (= T x − T o)

ΔT e :

normal moveout correction corresponding to the application of the velocity V̄ e

Δ2 T, ΔΔT :

residual normal moveout

Δx :

intergeophone distance

θ:

angle of dip of a reflector, in the source-to-detector direction

θ m :

true dip of a reflector (= maximum value of θ)

θ x :

dip of a reflector in the x-direction

θ y :

dip of a reflector in the y-direction

λ:

wavelength

ϕ:

angle between ground displacement direction and the vertical

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Iraq National Oil Company, Iraq

    Hamid N. Al-Sadi Ph. D.

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  1. Hamid N. Al-Sadi Ph. D.
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© 1980 Springer Basel AG

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Al-Sadi, H.N. (1980). Seismic Prospecting. In: Seismic Exploration. LMW/A 7: Astronomisch-geophysikalische Reihe, vol 7. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-6315-5_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-6315-5_5

  • Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-6317-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-6315-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

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