Abstract
It is a remarkable fact that the Bergeron theory of precipitation has — essentially without change — survived in its original form until today. The basic thoughts are already contained in Bergeron’s dissertation (1928), as follows:
‚Der Verfasser sieht nun in dem Zusammentreffen dichter und kompakte, Wasserwolken mit Schichten permanenter Eiskerne eine Hauptquelle alles gewoehnlichen, bzw. grosstropfigen Regens, des Graupeln’s und Hagel’s und der ordinaeren Schneeflocken...; kurz gesagt saemtlicher Niederschlagsformen ausser dem Nieseln und dessen festem Gegenstueck, den „Vollkristallen“. Es wird also vorausgesetzt, dass die erstgenannten Formen in unseren Breiten letzten Endes aus einer hochgelegenen Eiswolke kommen.‘
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bergeron, T. (1928), Ueber die dreidimensional verknuepfende Wetteranalyse, T.il I, Geof. Publ., Vol. V, No. 6, Oslo, 1928, 99 pp.
Bergeron, T. (1935), On the Physics of Cloud and Precipitation, Proc. 5th Assembly Uggi, Lisbon, Vol. 2, pp. 1–19, 173–178.
Bergeron, T. (1950), Ueber den Mechanismus der ausgiebigen Niederschlaege Berichte Deutscher Wetterdienst US Zone, Nr. 12, Bad Kissingen, 1950, pp. 225–232.
Cotton, W. R. (1972), Numerical Simulation of Precipitation Development in Supercooled Cumuli, Mon. Weath. Rev. 100, 764–784.
Gunn, K. L. S. (1967), The Number Flux of Snow Crystals at the Ground, Mon. Weath. Rev. 95, 921–924.
Harimaya, T. (1976), The Embryo and Formation of Graupel, J. met. Soc. Japan 54, 42–51.
Hallett, J., and Mossop, S. C. (1974), Production of Secondary Ice Particles During the Riming Process, Nature, 249, 26–28.
Hosler, C. L., Jensen, D. C. and Goldshlak, L. (1957), On the Aggregation of Ice Crystals to Form Snow, J. Met. 7, 363.
Jiusto, J. E., and Weickmann, H. K. (1973), Types of Snowfall, Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 54, 1148–1162.
Krastanov, L., and Miloshev, G. (1975), The Present State of the Theory of Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation (in Russian), Proc. Viii Int. Conf. on Nucleation, Leningrad, Ussr, Ed. I. I. Gaivoronsky, pp. 13–25.
Kuroda, T. (1979), Kinetik des Eiswachstums aus der Gasphase and seine Wachstumsformen, Dissertation, Naturwiss. Fakultaet, Tech. Universitaet Carolo-Wilhelmina, Braunschweig, 90 pp.
Kuroda, T., and Lacmann, R. (1980), Growth Kinetics of Ice from Vapor Phase and its Growth Forms, Communications, Viii Conf. Inter. Physique Nuages, Vol. I, pp. 109–112.
Lacmann, R., and Stranski, I. N. (1972), The Growth of Snow Crystals, J. Crystal Growth 13/14, 236–240.
Lacmann, R. (1977), Zur Deutung der Wachstumsformen des Eises, Z. phys. Chem. 104, 1–9.
Lamb, D., and Hobbs, P. V. (1971), Growth Rates and Habits of Ice Crystals Grown from the Vapor Phase, J. Atmos. Sci. 28, 1506–1509.
Marshall, J. S., and Langleben, M. P. (1954), A Theory of Snow Crystal Habit and Growth, J. Met. 11, 104.
Mossop, S. C. (1978), Some Factors Governing Ice Particle Multiplication in Cumulus Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci. 35, 2033–2037.
Mcdonald, J. E. (1963), Use of the Electrostatic Analogy in Studies of Ice Crystal Growth, Z. angew. Math. Phys. 14, 610–620.
Nakaya, U., and Matsumoto, A. (1953), Evidence of the Existence of a Liquid-like Film on Ice Surfaces, Research Paper No. 4, Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, US Army, Wilmette, Ill., 6 pp.
Nakaya, U., Harajima, M., and Muguruma, J. (1958), Physical Investigations on the Growth of Snow Crystals, J. Fac. Sci. Hokkaido Univ., Ser. II, 5, 86–118.
Ono, A. (1970), Growth Mode of Ice Crystals in Natural Clouds, J. Atmos. Sci. 77, 649–658.
ONo, A. (1972), Evidence on the Nature of Ice Crystal Multiplication Processes in Natural Cloud, J. Rech. Atmosph. 6, 399–408.
Podzimek, J. (1968), Aerodynamic Conditions of Ice Crystal Aggregation, Proc. Int. Conf. Cloud Physics, Toronto, Canada, pp. 295–299.
Ryan, B. F., Wishart, E. R., and Shaw, J. E. (1976), The Growth Rates and Densities of Ice Crystals Between -3°C and -21° C, J. Atmos. Sci. 33, 842–850.
Shishkin, N. S. (1965), On Snow Crystal Growth in Clouds, Int. Conf. Cloud Physics, Supplement Proceedings, Tokyo, pp. 136–146.
Soulage, G. (1966), Counting and Electron Microscope Study of European Ice Nuclei, J. Rech. Atmosph. II, 219–229.
Thorpe, A. D., and Mason, B. J. (1966), The Evaporation of Ice Spheres and Ice Crystals, Br. J. appl. Phys. 17, 541.
Yamashita, A. (1974), Study of Ice Crystals Using a Large Cloud Chamber (in Japanese), Kisho-Kenkyu Note No. 123, Meteor. Soc., Japan, pp. 813–860.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 Springer Basel AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Weickmann, H.K. (1981). The Development of Bergeron’s Ice Crystal Precipitation Theory. In: Liljequist, G.H. (eds) Weather and Weather Maps. Contributions to Current Research in Geophysics. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-5148-0_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-5148-0_8
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-5150-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-5148-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive