Advertisement

The Role of Inflammation in Gastric Cancer

Chapter
First Online:
Part of the Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology book series (AEMB, volume 816)

Abstract

Gastric cancer, despite its declining incidence rate, is still the second cause of cancer-related death worldwide, killing 750,000 people each year and remaining the second common type of cancer. The best examples of inflammation-associated cancer in human beings may be gastric cancer. Understanding the molecular mechanism of the inflammation in gastric carcinogenesis is important for developing new strategies against gastric cancer.

Keywords

Gastric Cancer Hepatocyte Growth Factor Pylorus Infection Gastric Cancer Cell Gastric Cancer Patient 
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. Abnet CC, Freedman ND, Kamangar F, Leitzmann MF, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A (2009) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of gastric and oesophageal adenocarcinomas: results from a cohort study and a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 100(3):551–557. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604880 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  2. Aggarwal BB (2003) Signalling pathways of the TNF superfamily: a double-edged sword. Nat Rev Immunol 3(9):745–756. doi: 10.1038/nri1184 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Akaike T, Okamoto S, Sawa T, Yoshitake J, Tamura F, Ichimori K, Miyazaki K, Sasamoto K, Maeda H (2003) 8-nitroguanosine formation in viral pneumonia and its implication for pathogenesis. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 100(2):685–690. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0235623100
  4. Ashizawa T, Okada R, Suzuki Y, Takagi M, Yamazaki T, Sumi T, Aoki T, Ohnuma S, Aoki T (2005) Clinical significance of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the spread of gastric cancer: role of IL-6 as a prognostic factor. Gastric Cancer (Official Journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association) 8(2):124–131. doi: 10.1007/s10120-005-0315-x Google Scholar
  5. Balkwill F, Joffroy C (2010) TNF: a tumor-suppressing factor or a tumor-promoting factor? Future Oncol 6(12):1833–1836. doi: 10.2217/fon.10.155 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Balkwill F, Mantovani A (2001) Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow? Lancet 357(9255):539–545. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04046-0 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Beachy PA, Karhadkar SS, Berman DM (2004) Tissue repair and stem cell renewal in carcinogenesis. Nature 432(7015):324–331. doi: 10.1038/nature03100 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  8. Beales IL (2002) Effect of interlukin-1beta on proliferation of gastric epithelial cells in culture. BMC Gastroenterol 2:7PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  9. Ben-Neriah Y, Karin M (2011) Inflammation meets cancer, with NF-kappaB as the matchmaker. Nat Immunol 12(8):715–723. doi: 10.1038/ni.2060 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Bollag B, Chuke WF, Frisque RJ (1989) Hybrid genomes of the polyomaviruses JC virus, BK virus, and simian virus 40: identification of sequences important for efficient transformation. J Virol 63(2):863–872PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  11. Bos JL (1988) The ras gene family and human carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 195(3):255–271PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Bromberg J, Wang TC (2009) Inflammation and cancer: IL-6 and STAT3 complete the link. Cancer Cell 15(2):79–80. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.01.009 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  13. Chiba T, Marusawa H, Ushijima T (2012) Inflammation-associated cancer development in digestive organs: mechanisms and roles for genetic and epigenetic modulation. Gastroenterology 143(3):550–563. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.07.009 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Corda S, Laplace C, Vicaut E, Duranteau J (2001) Rapid reactive oxygen species production by mitochondria in endothelial cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor-alpha is mediated by ceramide. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 24(6):762–768PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Correa P (1988) A human model of gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 48(13):3554–3560PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Correa P (1995) Helicobacter pylori and gastric carcinogenesis. Am J Surg Pathol 19 (Suppl 1):S37–S43PubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Coussens LM, Werb Z (2002) Inflammation and cancer. Nature 420(6917):860–867. doi: 10.1038/nature01322 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  18. Crusius JB, Canzian F, Capella G, Pena AS, Pera G, Sala N, Agudo A, Rico F, Del Giudice G, Palli D, Plebani M, Boeing H, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Carneiro F, Pala V, Save VE, Vineis P, Tumino R, Panico S, Berglund G, Manjer J, Stenling R, Hallmans G, Martinez C, Dorronsoro M, Barricarte A, Navarro C, Quiros JR, Allen N, Key TJ, Binghan S, Caldas C, Linseisen J, Kaaks R, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Buchner FC, Peeters PH, Numans ME, Clavel-Chapelon F, Trichopoulou A, Lund E, Jenab M, Rinaldi S, Ferrari P, Riboli E, Gonzalez CA (2008) Cytokine gene polymorphisms and the risk of adenocarcinoma of the stomach in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC-EURGAST). Ann Oncol (Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology/ESMO) 19(11):1894–1902. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdn400 Google Scholar
  19. Dannenberg AJ, Altorki NK, Boyle JO, Dang C, Howe LR, Weksler BB, Subbaramaiah K (2001) Cyclo-oxygenase 2: a pharmacological target for the prevention of cancer. Lancet Oncol 2(9):544–551. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(01)00488-0 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  20. de Oliveira JG, Rossi AF, Nizato DM, Miyasaki K, Silva AE (2012) Profiles of gene polymorphisms in cytokines and toll-like receptors with higher risk for gastric cancer. Dig Dis Sci. doi: 10.1007/s10620-012-2460-5 Google Scholar
  21. de Visser KE, Eichten A, Coussens LM (2006) Paradoxical roles of the immune system during cancer development. Nat Rev Cancer 6(1):24–37. doi: 10.1038/nrc1782 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Demple B, Harrison L (1994) Repair of oxidative damage to DNA: enzymology and biology. Annu Rev Biochem 63:915–948. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.63.070194.004411 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  23. Dunn GP, Old LJ, Schreiber RD (2004) The immunobiology of cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting. Immunity 21(2):137–148. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.07.017 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  24. Dyson N, Bernards R, Friend SH, Gooding LR, Hassell JA, Major EO, Pipas JM, Vandyke T, Harlow E (1990) Large T antigens of many polyomaviruses are able to form complexes with the retinoblastoma protein. J Virol 64(3):1353–1356PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  25. El-Omar EM (2001) The importance of interleukin 1beta in Helicobacter pylori associated disease. Gut 48(6):743–747PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  26. El-Omar EM, Carrington M, Chow WH, McColl KE, Bream JH, Young HA, Herrera J, Lissowska J, Yuan CC, Rothman N, Lanyon G, Martin M, Fraumeni JF Jr, Rabkin CS (2000) Interleukin-1 polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric cancer. Nature 404(6776):398–402. doi: 10.1038/35006081 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  27. El-Omar EM, Rabkin CS, Gammon MD, Vaughan TL, Risch HA, Schoenberg JB, Stanford JL, Mayne ST, Goedert J, Blot WJ, Fraumeni JF Jr, Chow WH (2003) Increased risk of noncardia gastric cancer associated with proinflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms. Gastroenterology 124(5):1193–1201PubMedGoogle Scholar
  28. Ernst PB, Peura DA, Crowe SE (2006) The translation of Helicobacter pylori basic research to patient care. Gastroenterology 130(1):188–206; quiz 212–183. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.06.032
  29. Evans MD, Dizdaroglu M, Cooke MS (2004) Oxidative DNA damage and disease: induction, repair and significance. Mutat Res 567(1):1–61. doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2003.11.001 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  30. Farinati F, Cardin R, Degan P, Rugge M, Mario FD, Bonvicini P, Naccarato R (1998) Oxidative DNA damage accumulation in gastric carcinogenesis. Gut 42(3):351–356PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  31. Federico A, Morgillo F, Tuccillo C, Ciardiello F, Loguercio C (2007) Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in human carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 121(11):2381–2386. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23192 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  32. Fedi P, Kimmelman A, Aaronson SA (2000) Growth factor signal transduction in cancer. In: Bast RC Jr, Kufe DW, Pollock RE et al (ed) Holland-Frei cancer medicine, 5th edn. BC Decker, Hamilton (ON). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20800
  33. Forones NM, Mandowsky SV, Lourenco LG (2001) Serum levels of interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha correlate to tumor progression in gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 48(40):1199–1201PubMedGoogle Scholar
  34. Fox JG, Wang TC (2007) Inflammation, atrophy, and gastric cancer. J Clin Investig 117(1):60–69. doi: 10.1172/JCI30111 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  35. Fuccio L, Zagari RM, Eusebi LH, Laterza L, Cennamo V, Ceroni L, Grilli D, Bazzoli F (2009) Meta-analysis: can Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment reduce the risk for gastric cancer? Ann Intern Med 151(2):121–128PubMedGoogle Scholar
  36. Furuta S, Goto H, Niwa Y, Ohmiya N, Kamiya K, Oguri A, Hayakawa T, Mori N (2002) Interferon-gamma regulates apoptosis by releasing soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors in a gastric epithelial cell line. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17(12):1283–1290PubMedGoogle Scholar
  37. Furuya Y, Ichikura T, Mochizuki H, Shinomiya N (2000) Relationship between interleukin-1-alpha concentration in tumors and cell growth in gastric cancer, determined using flow cytometry. Gastric Cancer (Official Journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association) 3(2):86–90Google Scholar
  38. Gangopadhyay A, Lazure DA, Thomas P (1998) Adhesion of colorectal carcinoma cells to the endothelium is mediated by cytokines from CEA stimulated Kupffer cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 16(8):703–712PubMedGoogle Scholar
  39. Giraud AS, Menheniott TR, Judd LM (2012) Targeting STAT3 in gastric cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 16(9):889–901. doi: 10.1517/14728222.2012.709238 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  40. Gomceli I, Demiriz B, Tez M (2012) Gastric carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 18(37):5164–5170. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i37.5164 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  41. Goossens V, Grooten J, De Vos K, Fiers W (1995) Direct evidence for tumor necrosis factor-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen intermediates and their involvement in cytotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92(18):8115–8119Google Scholar
  42. Gorouhi F, Islami F, Bahrami H, Kamangar F (2008) Tumour-necrosis factor-A polymorphisms and gastric cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 98(8):1443–1451. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604277 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  43. Grivennikov SI, Greten FR, Karin M (2010) Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell 140(6):883–899. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.025 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  44. Group G, Paoletti X, Oba K, Burzykowski T, Michiels S, Ohashi Y, Pignon JP, Rougier P, Sakamoto J, Sargent D, Sasako M, Van Cutsem E, Buyse M (2010) Benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. JAMA 303(17):1729–1737. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.534
  45. Guilford P, Hopkins J, Harraway J, McLeod M, McLeod N, Harawira P, Taite H, Scoular R, Miller A, Reeve AE (1998) E-cadherin germline mutations in familial gastric cancer. Nature 392(6674):402–405. doi: 10.1038/32918 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  46. Gutierrez-Gonzalez L, Wright NA (2008) Biology of intestinal metaplasia in 2008: more than a simple phenotypic alteration. Digestive and Liver Disease (Official Journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver) 40(7):510–522. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2008.02.029 Google Scholar
  47. Halazonetis TD, Gorgoulis VG, Bartek J (2008) An oncogene-induced DNA damage model for cancer development. Science 319(5868):1352–1355. doi: 10.1126/science.1140735 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  48. Handa O, Naito Y, Yoshikawa T (2010) Helicobacter pylori: a ROS-inducing bacterial species in the stomach. Inflam Res (Official Journal of the European Histamine Research Society [et al]) 59(12):997–1003. doi: 10.1007/s00011-010-0245-x Google Scholar
  49. Hoffmann W (2008) Regeneration of the gastric mucosa and its glands from stem cells. Curr Med Chem 15(29):3133–3144PubMedGoogle Scholar
  50. Hofseth LJ, Saito S, Hussain SP, Espey MG, Miranda KM, Araki Y, Jhappan C, Higashimoto Y, He P, Linke SP, Quezado MM, Zurer I, Rotter V, Wink DA, Appella E, Harris CC (2003) Nitric oxide-induced cellular stress and p53 activation in chronic inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100(1):143–148. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0237083100
  51. Hoggart K, Lees L, Davies A (2002) Researching human geography. Hodder ArnoldGoogle Scholar
  52. Hong Y, Ge Z, Jing C, Shi J, Dong X, Zhou F, Wang M, Zhang Z, Gong W (2013) Functional promoter −308G>A variant in tumor necrosis factor alpha gene is associated with risk and progression of gastric cancer in a Chinese population. PLoS ONE 8(1):e50856. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050856 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  53. Hsu IC, Metcalf RA, Sun T, Welsh JA, Wang NJ, Harris CC (1991) Mutational hotspot in the p53 gene in human hepatocellular carcinomas. Nature 350(6317):427–428. doi: 10.1038/350427a0 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  54. Huang SP, Wu MS, Shun CT, Wang HP, Lin MT, Kuo ML, Lin JT (2004) Interleukin-6 increases vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis in gastric carcinoma. J Biomed Sci 11(4):517–527. doi: 10.1159/000077902 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  55. Hussain SP, Harris CC (2007) Inflammation and cancer: an ancient link with novel potentials. Int J Cancer 121(11):2373–2380. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23173 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  56. Ikeguchi M, Hatada T, Yamamoto M, Miyake T, Matsunaga T, Fukumoto Y, Yamada Y, Fukuda K, Saito H, Tatebe S (2009) Serum interleukin-6 and -10 levels in patients with gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer (Official Journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association) 12(2):95–100. doi: 10.1007/s10120-009-0509-8 Google Scholar
  57. Inoue S, Kawanishi S (1995) Oxidative DNA damage induced by simultaneous generation of nitric oxide and superoxide. FEBS Lett 371(1):86–88PubMedGoogle Scholar
  58. Isomoto H, Matsushima K, Inoue N, Hayashi T, Nakayama T, Kunizaki M, Hidaka S, Nakayama M, Hisatsune J, Nakashima M, Nagayasu T, Nakao K, Hirayama T (2012) Interweaving microRNAs and proinflammatory cytokines in gastric mucosa with reference to H. pylori infection. J Clin Immunol 32(2):290–299. doi: 10.1007/s10875-011-9626-3 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  59. Ito R, Yasui W, Kuniyasu H, Yokozaki H, Tahara E (1997) Expression of interleukin-6 and its effect on the cell growth of gastric carcinoma cell lines. Jpn J Cancer Res: Gann 88(10):953–958PubMedGoogle Scholar
  60. Jaiswal M, LaRusso NF, Burgart LJ, Gores GJ (2000) Inflammatory cytokines induce DNA damage and inhibit DNA repair in cholangiocarcinoma cells by a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Cancer Res 60(1):184–190PubMedGoogle Scholar
  61. Jayaprakash V, Marshall JR (2011) Selenium and other antioxidants for chemoprevention of gastrointestinal cancers. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 25(4–5):507–518. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2011.09.006 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  62. Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D (2011) Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 61(2):69–90. doi: 10.3322/caac.20107 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  63. Karin M (2006) NF-kappaB and cancer: mechanisms and targets. Mol Carcinog 45(6):355–361. doi: 10.1002/mc.20217 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  64. Karin M, Greten FR (2005) NF-kappaB: linking inflammation and immunity to cancer development and progression. Nat Rev Immunol 5(10):749–759. doi: 10.1038/nri1703 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  65. Kato M, Asaka M (2012) Recent development of gastric cancer prevention. Jpn J Clin Oncol 42(11):987–994. doi: 10.1093/jjco/hys151 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  66. Katoh M (2007) Networking of WNT, FGF, Notch, BMP, and Hedgehog signaling pathways during carcinogenesis. Stem Cell Rev 3(1):30–38PubMedGoogle Scholar
  67. Kawabata T, Ichikura T, Majima T, Seki S, Chochi K, Takayama E, Hiraide H, Mochizuki H (2001) Preoperative serum interleukin-18 level as a postoperative prognostic marker in patients with gastric carcinoma. Cancer 92(8):2050–2055PubMedGoogle Scholar
  68. Kelly PN, Dakic A, Adams JM, Nutt SL, Strasser A (2007) Tumor growth need not be driven by rare cancer stem cells. Science 317(5836):337. doi: 10.1126/science.1142596 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  69. Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (1996) Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell 87(2):159–170PubMedGoogle Scholar
  70. Kobayashi M, Tsubono Y, Sasazuki S, Sasaki S, Tsugane S, Group JS (2002) Vegetables, fruit and risk of gastric cancer in Japan: a 10-year follow-up of the JPHC Study Cohort I. Int J Cancer 102(1):39–44. doi: 10.1002/ijc.10659
  71. Konturek PC, Kania J, Konturek JW, Nikiforuk A, Konturek SJ, Hahn EG (2003) H. pylori infection, atrophic gastritis, cytokines, gastrin, COX-2, PPAR gamma and impaired apoptosis in gastric carcinogenesis. Med Sci Monit: Int Med J Exp Clin Res 9(7):SR53–SR66Google Scholar
  72. Kuai WX, Wang Q, Yang XZ, Zhao Y, Yu R, Tang XJ (2012) Interleukin-8 associates with adhesion, migration, invasion and chemosensitivity of human gastric cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 18(9):979–985. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i9.979 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  73. Kumar R (2010) Microfilariae in lymph node aspirate associated with metastatic gastric carcinoma: a case report. Acta Cytol 54(3):319–320PubMedGoogle Scholar
  74. Kuraishy A, Karin M, Grivennikov SI (2011) Tumor promotion via injury- and death-induced inflammation. Immunity 35(4):467–477. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.09.006 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  75. Leach SA, Thompson M, Hill M (1987) Bacterially catalysed N-nitrosation reactions and their relative importance in the human stomach. Carcinogenesis 8(12):1907–1912PubMedGoogle Scholar
  76. Lee JM, Kim SS, Cho YS (2012) The role of PPARgamma in Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinogenesis. PPAR Res 2012:687570. doi: 10.1155/2012/687570 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  77. Leek RD, Landers R, Fox SB, Ng F, Harris AL, Lewis CE (1998) Association of tumour necrosis factor alpha and its receptors with thymidine phosphorylase expression in invasive breast carcinoma. Br J Cancer 77(12):2246–2251PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  78. Lickert H, Kispert A, Kutsch S, Kemler R (2001) Expression patterns of Wnt genes in mouse gut development. Mech Dev 105(1–2):181–184PubMedGoogle Scholar
  79. Locksley RM, Killeen N, Lenardo MJ (2001) The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: integrating mammalian biology. Cell 104(4):487–501PubMedGoogle Scholar
  80. Luo JL, Kamata H, Karin M (2005) IKK/NF-kappaB signaling: balancing life and death—a new approach to cancer therapy. J Clin Investig 115(10):2625–2632. doi: 10.1172/JCI26322 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  81. Ma J, Sawai H, Matsuo Y, Ochi N, Yasuda A, Takahashi H, Wakasugi T, Funahashi H, Sato M, Okada Y, Takeyama H, Manabe T (2008) Interleukin-1alpha enhances angiogenesis and is associated with liver metastatic potential in human gastric cancer cell lines. J Surg Res 148(2):197–204. doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.08.014 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  82. Ma XM, Yu H, Huai N (2009) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is essential in the pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 15(31):3874–3883PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  83. Macarthur M, Hold GL, El-Omar EM (2004) Inflammation and Cancer II. Role of chronic inflammation and cytokine gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal malignancy. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 286(4):G515–G520. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00475.2003
  84. Macri A, Versaci A, Loddo S, Scuderi G, Travagliante M, Trimarchi G, Teti D, Famulari C (2006) Serum levels of interleukin 1beta, interleukin 8 and tumour necrosis factor alpha as markers of gastric cancer. Biomarkers (Biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals) 11(2):184–193. doi: 10.1080/13547500600565677 Google Scholar
  85. Maeda H, Akaike T (1998) Nitric oxide and oxygen radicals in infection, inflammation, and cancer. Biochem Biokhim 63(7):854–865Google Scholar
  86. Maehata Y, Nakamura S, Fujisawa K, Esaki M, Moriyama T, Asano K, Fuyuno Y, Yamaguchi K, Egashira I, Kim H, Kanda M, Hirahashi M, Matsumoto T (2012) Long-term effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on the development of metachronous gastric cancer after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 75(1):39–46. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2011.08.030 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  87. Magnus HA (1937) Observations on the presence of intestinal epithelium in the gastric mucosa. J Pathol Bacteriol 44(2):389–398Google Scholar
  88. Majima T, Ichikura T, Chochi K, Kawabata T, Tsujimoto H, Sugasawa H, Kuranaga N, Takayama E, Kinoshita M, Hiraide H, Seki S, Mochizuki H (2006) Exploitation of interleukin-18 by gastric cancers for their growth and evasion of host immunity. Int J Cancer 118(2):388–395. doi: 10.1002/ijc.21334 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  89. Marshall BJ, Warren JR (1984) Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet 1(8390):1311–1315PubMedGoogle Scholar
  90. Matsushima K, Isomoto H, Inoue N, Nakayama T, Hayashi T, Nakayama M, Nakao K, Hirayama T, Kohno S (2011) MicroRNA signatures in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric mucosa. Int J Cancer 128(2):361–370. doi: 10.1002/ijc.25348 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  91. Mera R, Fontham ET, Bravo LE, Bravo JC, Piazuelo MB, Camargo MC, Correa P (2005) Long term follow up of patients treated for Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 54(11):1536–1540. doi: 10.1136/gut.2005.072009 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  92. Milne AN, Carneiro F, O’Morain C, Offerhaus GJ (2009) Nature meets nurture: molecular genetics of gastric cancer. Hum Genet 126(5):615–628. doi: 10.1007/s00439-009-0722-x PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  93. Misleh JG, Santoro P, Strasser JF, Bennett JJ (2013) Multidisciplinary management of gastric cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 22(2):247–264. doi: 10.1016/j.soc.2012.12.013 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  94. Mochizuki Y, Nakanishi H, Kodera Y, Ito S, Yamamura Y, Kato T, Hibi K, Akiyama S, Nakao A, Tatematsu M (2004) TNF-alpha promotes progression of peritoneal metastasis as demonstrated using a green fluorescence protein (GFP)-tagged human gastric cancer cell line. Clin Exp Metastasis 21(1):39–47PubMedGoogle Scholar
  95. Morita D, Ichikura T, Mochizuki H (2001) The expression of PPAR gamma in gastric cancer. Nihon rinsho Jpn J Clin Med 59(Suppl 4):595–597Google Scholar
  96. Morson BC (1955) Intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa. Br J Cancer 9(3):365–376PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  97. Muller A, Homey B, Soto H, Ge N, Catron D, Buchanan ME, McClanahan T, Murphy E, Yuan W, Wagner SN, Barrera JL, Mohar A, Verastegui E, Zlotnik A (2001) Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis. Nature 410(6824):50–56. doi: 10.1038/35065016 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  98. Nakayama Y, Shibao K, Sako T, Ohta R, Onitsuka K, Hirata K, Nagata N, Itoh H (2000) Serum levels of interleukin-12 in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Anticancer Res 20(1C):635–640PubMedGoogle Scholar
  99. Nardone G, Rocco A, Malfertheiner P (2004) Review article: helicobacter pylori and molecular events in precancerous gastric lesions. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 20(3):261–270. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.02075.x PubMedGoogle Scholar
  100. Nathan C (2002) Points of control in inflammation. Nature 420(6917):846–852. doi: 10.1038/nature01320 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  101. Nowicki A, Szenajch J, Ostrowska G, Wojtowicz A, Wojtowicz K, Kruszewski AA, Maruszynski M, Aukerman SL, Wiktor-Jedrzejczak W (1996) Impaired tumor growth in colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1)-deficient, macrophage-deficient op/op mouse: evidence for a role of CSF-1-dependent macrophages in formation of tumor stroma. Int J Cancer 65(1):112–119. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19960103)65:1<112:AID-IJC19>3.0.CO;2-I PubMedGoogle Scholar
  102. Oguma K, Oshima H, Aoki M, Uchio R, Naka K, Nakamura S, Hirao A, Saya H, Taketo MM, Oshima M (2008) Activated macrophages promote Wnt signalling through tumour necrosis factor-alpha in gastric tumour cells. EMBO J 27(12):1671–1681. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2008.105 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  103. Ooi CH, Ivanova T, Wu J, Lee M, Tan IB, Tao J, Ward L, Koo JH, Gopalakrishnan V, Zhu Y, Cheng LL, Lee J, Rha SY, Chung HC, Ganesan K, So J, Soo KC, Lim D, Chan WH, Wong WK, Bowtell D, Yeoh KG, Grabsch H, Boussioutas A, Tan P (2009) Oncogenic pathway combinations predict clinical prognosis in gastric cancer. PLoS Genet 5(10):e1000676. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000676 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  104. Oshima H, Matsunaga A, Fujimura T, Tsukamoto T, Taketo MM, Oshima M (2006) Carcinogenesis in mouse stomach by simultaneous activation of the Wnt signaling and prostaglandin E2 pathway. Gastroenterology 131(4):1086–1095. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.07.014 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  105. Park S, Kim YS, Kim YJ, Kyung SY, Park JW, Jeong SH, Lee SP (2012) Toxocariasis masquerading as liver and lung metastatic nodules in patents with gastrointestinal cancer: clinicopathologic study of five cases. Dig Dis Sci 57(1):155–160. doi: 10.1007/s10620-011-1833-5 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  106. Pereira C, Medeiros RM, Dinis-Ribeiro MJ (2009) Cyclooxygenase polymorphisms in gastric and colorectal carcinogenesis: are conclusive results available? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21(1):76–91. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e32830ce7ba PubMedGoogle Scholar
  107. Pollard JW (2004) Tumour-educated macrophages promote tumour progression and metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 4(1):71–78. doi: 10.1038/nrc1256 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  108. Pounder RE, Ng D (1995) The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in different countries. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 9(Suppl 2):33–39PubMedGoogle Scholar
  109. Quintana E, Shackleton M, Sabel MS, Fullen DR, Johnson TM, Morrison SJ (2008) Efficient tumour formation by single human melanoma cells. Nature 456(7222):593–598. doi: 10.1038/nature07567 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  110. Rajnakova A, Moochhala S, Goh PM, Ngoi S (2001) Expression of nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase, and p53 in different stages of human gastric cancer. Cancer Lett 172(2):177–185PubMedGoogle Scholar
  111. Ristimaki A, Honkanen N, Jankala H, Sipponen P, Harkonen M (1997) Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human gastric carcinoma. Cancer Res 57(7):1276–1280PubMedGoogle Scholar
  112. Rius J, Guma M, Schachtrup C, Akassoglou K, Zinkernagel AS, Nizet V, Johnson RS, Haddad GG, Karin M (2008) NF-kappaB links innate immunity to the hypoxic response through transcriptional regulation of HIF-1alpha. Nature 453(7196):807–811. doi: 10.1038/nature06905 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  113. Rocha FT, Lourenco LG, Juca MJ, Costa V, Leal AT (2009) Chemoprevention by celecoxib in reflux-induced gastric adenocarcinoma in Wistar rats that underwent gastrojejunostomy. Acta Cirurgica Bras/Sociedade Brasileira para Desenvolvimento Pesquisa em Cirurgia 24(3):189–194Google Scholar
  114. Saito H, Tsujitani S, Oka S, Kondo A, Ikeguchi M, Maeta M, Kaibara N (1999) The expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 is significantly correlated with the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and poor prognosis of patients with advanced gastric carcinoma. Cancer 86(8):1455–1462PubMedGoogle Scholar
  115. Sato H, Ishihara S, Kawashima K, Moriyama N, Suetsugu H, Kazumori H, Okuyama T, Rumi MA, Fukuda R, Nagasue N, Kinoshita Y (2000) Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma in gastric cancer and inhibitory effects of PPARgamma agonists. Br J Cancer 83(10):1394–1400. doi: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1457 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  116. Schutze S, Potthoff K, Machleidt T, Berkovic D, Wiegmann K, Kronke M (1992) TNF activates NF-kappa B by phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C-induced “acidic” sphingomyelin breakdown. Cell 71(5):765–776PubMedGoogle Scholar
  117. Shin SK, Li MS, Fuerst F, Hotchkiss E, Meyer R, Kim IT, Goel A, Boland CR (2006) Oncogenic T-antigen of JC virus is present frequently in human gastric cancers. Cancer 107(3):481–488. doi: 10.1002/cncr.22028 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  118. Shiotani A, Uedo N, Iishi H, Murao T, Kanzaki T, Kimura Y, Kamada T, Kusunoki H, Inoue K, Haruma K (2012) H. pylori eradication did not improve dysregulation of specific oncogenic miRNAs in intestinal metaplastic glands. J Gastroenterol 47(9):988–998. doi: 10.1007/s00535-012-0562-7 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  119. Shmelkov SV, Butler JM, Hooper AT, Hormigo A, Kushner J, Milde T, St Clair R, Baljevic M, White I, Jin DK, Chadburn A, Murphy AJ, Valenzuela DM, Gale NW, Thurston G, Yancopoulos GD, D’Angelica M, Kemeny N, Lyden D, Rafii S (2008) CD133 expression is not restricted to stem cells, and both CD133+ and CD133− metastatic colon cancer cells initiate tumors. J Clin Investig 118(6):2111–2120. doi: 10.1172/JCI34401 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  120. Slack JM (1986) Epithelial metaplasia and the second anatomy. Lancet 2(8501):268–271PubMedGoogle Scholar
  121. Soutto M, Belkhiri A, Piazuelo MB, Schneider BG, Peng D, Jiang A, Washington MK, Kokoye Y, Crowe SE, Zaika A, Correa P, Peek RM Jr, El-Rifai W (2011) Loss of TFF1 is associated with activation of NF-kappaB-mediated inflammation and gastric neoplasia in mice and humans. J Clin Investig 121(5):1753–1767. doi: 10.1172/JCI43922 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  122. Sun P, Ben Q, Tu S, Dong W, Qi X, Wu Y (2011) Serum interleukin-33 levels in patients with gastric cancer. Dig Dis Sci 56(12):3596–3601. doi: 10.1007/s10620-011-1760-5 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  123. Szaflarska A, Szczepanik A, Siedlar M, Czupryna A, Sierzega M, Popiela T, Zembala M (2009) Preoperative plasma level of IL-10 but not of proinflammatory cytokines is an independent prognostic factor in patients with gastric cancer. Anticancer Res 29(12):5005–5012PubMedGoogle Scholar
  124. Tahara T, Shibata T, Nakamura M, Yamashita H, Yoshioka D, Okubo M, Yonemura J, Maeda Y, Maruyama N, Kamano T, Kamiya Y, Fujita H, Nakagawa Y, Nagasaka M, Iwata M, Hirata I, Arisawa T (2010) Association between IL-17A, -17F and MIF polymorphisms predispose to CpG island hyper-methylation in gastric cancer. Int J Mol Med 25(3):471–477PubMedGoogle Scholar
  125. Tahara T, Shibata T, Nakamura M, Yamashita H, Yoshioka D, Okubo M, Yonemura J, Maeda Y, Maruyama N, Kamano T, Kamiya Y, Fujita H, Nakagawa Y, Nagasaka M, Iwata M, Hirata I, Arisawa T (2011) Effect of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha polymorphisms on the prognosis and survival of gastric cancer patients. Clin Exp Med 11(4):211–217. doi: 10.1007/s10238-010-0129-y PubMedGoogle Scholar
  126. Takahashi T, Nau MM, Chiba I, Birrer MJ, Rosenberg RK, Vinocour M, Levitt M, Pass H, Gazdar AF, Minna JD (1989) p53: A frequent target for genetic abnormalities in lung cancer. Science 246(4929):491–494PubMedGoogle Scholar
  127. Takahashi N, Okumura T, Motomura W, Fujimoto Y, Kawabata I, Kohgo Y (1999) Activation of PPARgamma inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells. FEBS Lett 455(1–2):135–139PubMedGoogle Scholar
  128. Taketo MM (1998) Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in tumorigenesis (Part II). J Natl Cancer Inst 90(21):1609–1620PubMedGoogle Scholar
  129. Thiel A, Mrena J, Ristimaki A (2011) Cyclooxygenase-2 and gastric cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 30(3–4):387–395. doi: 10.1007/s10555-011-9312-1 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  130. Tsujimoto H, Ono S, Ichikura T, Matsumoto Y, Yamamoto J, Hase K (2010) Roles of inflammatory cytokines in the progression of gastric cancer: friends or foes? Gastric Cancer (Official Journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association) 13(4):212–221. doi: 10.1007/s10120-010-0568-x Google Scholar
  131. Uefuji K, Ichikura T, Mochizuki H (2005) Increased expression of interleukin-1alpha and cyclooxygenase-2 in human gastric cancer: a possible role in tumor progression. Anticancer Res 25(5):3225–3230PubMedGoogle Scholar
  132. Ushiku T, Chong JM, Uozaki H, Hino R, Chang MS, Sudo M, Rani BR, Sakuma K, Nagai H, Fukayama M (2007) p73 gene promoter methylation in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma. Int J Cancer 120(1):60–66. doi: 10.1002/ijc.22275 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  133. Vafa O, Wade M, Kern S, Beeche M, Pandita TK, Hampton GM, Wahl GM (2002) c-Myc can induce DNA damage, increase reactive oxygen species, and mitigate p53 function: a mechanism for oncogene-induced genetic instability. Mol Cell 9(5):1031–1044PubMedGoogle Scholar
  134. Valko M, Morris H, Cronin MT (2005) Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. Curr Med Chem 12(10):1161–1208PubMedGoogle Scholar
  135. Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izakovic M, Mazur M (2006) Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chem Biol Interact 160(1):1–40. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.12.009 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  136. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J (2007) Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 39(1):44–84. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  137. Velnar T, Bailey T, Smrkolj V (2009) The wound healing process: an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms. J Int M Res 37(5):1528–1542Google Scholar
  138. Vries RG, Huch M, Clevers H (2010) Stem cells and cancer of the stomach and intestine. Mol Oncol 4(5):373–384. doi: 10.1016/j.molonc.2010.05.001 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  139. Wang P, Xia HH, Zhang JY, Dai LP, Xu XQ, Wang KJ (2007) Association of interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms with gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 120(3):552–562. doi: 10.1002/ijc.22353 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  140. Wiseman M (2008) The second World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research expert report. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Proc Nutr Soc 67(3):253–256. doi: 10.1017/S002966510800712X PubMedGoogle Scholar
  141. Wong BC, Lam SK, Wong WM, Chen JS, Zheng TT, Feng RE, Lai KC, Hu WH, Yuen ST, Leung SY, Fong DY, Ho J, Ching CK, Chen JS, China Gastric Cancer Study G (2004) Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291(2):187–194. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.2.187
  142. Wu CW, Chi CW, Hsieh MC, Chao MF, Lui WY, P’Eng FK (1998) Serum tumor necrosis factor in patients with gastric cancer. Anticancer Res 18(3A):1597–1599PubMedGoogle Scholar
  143. Xu W, Li Y, Wang X, Chen B, Liu S, Wang Y, Zhao W, Wu J (2010) PPARgamma polymorphisms and cancer risk: a meta-analysis involving 32,138 subjects. Oncol Rep 24(2):579–585PubMedGoogle Scholar
  144. Yamaoka Y (2010) Mechanisms of disease: Helicobacter pylori virulence factors. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 7(11):629–641. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2010.154 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  145. Yanaoka K, Oka M, Yoshimura N, Deguchi H, Mukoubayashi C, Enomoto S, Maekita T, Inoue I, Ueda K, Utsunomiya H, Iguchi M, Tamai H, Fujishiro M, Nakamura Y, Tsukamoto T, Inada K, Takeshita T, Ichinose M (2010) Preventive effects of etodolac, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, on cancer development in extensive metaplastic gastritis, a Helicobacter pylori-negative precancerous lesion. Int J Cancer 126(6):1467–1473. doi: 10.1002/ijc.24862 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  146. Yang XF (2007) Immunology of stem cells and cancer stem cells. Cell Mol Immunol 4(3):161–171PubMedGoogle Scholar
  147. Ye ZB, Ma T, Li H, Jin XL, Xu HM (2007) Expression and significance of intratumoral interleukin-12 and interleukin-18 in human gastric carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 13(11):1747–1751PubMedGoogle Scholar
  148. Yermilov V, Rubio J, Becchi M, Friesen MD, Pignatelli B, Ohshima H (1995) Formation of 8-nitroguanine by the reaction of guanine with peroxynitrite in vitro. Carcinogenesis 16(9):2045–2050PubMedGoogle Scholar
  149. Yin Y, Si X, Gao Y, Gao L, Wang J (2013) The nuclear factor-kappaB correlates with increased expression of interleukin-6 and promotes progression of gastric carcinoma. Oncol Rep 29(1):34–38. doi: 10.3892/or.2012.2089 PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  150. Ying L, Marino J, Hussain SP, Khan MA, You S, Hofseth AB, Trivers GE, Dixon DA, Harris CC, Hofseth LJ (2005) Chronic inflammation promotes retinoblastoma protein hyperphosphorylation and E2F1 activation. Cancer Res 65(20):9132–9136. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1358 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  151. Yokozaki H, Kuniyasu H, Semba S, Yasui W, Tahara E (1997) Molecular bases of human stomach carcinogenesis. In: Tahara E (ed) Molecular pathology of gastroenterological cancer. Springer, New York/Tokyo, pp 55–70Google Scholar
  152. Zhang X, Miao X, Tan W, Ning B, Liu Z, Hong Y, Song W, Guo Y, Zhang X, Shen Y, Qiang B, Kadlubar FF, Lin D (2005) Identification of functional genetic variants in cyclooxygenase-2 and their association with risk of esophageal cancer. Gastroenterology 129(2):565–576. doi: 10.1016/j.gastro.2005.05.003 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  153. Zhang Z, Li Z, Gao C, Chen P, Chen J, Liu W, Xiao S, Lu H (2008) miR-21 plays a pivotal role in gastric cancer pathogenesis and progression. Lab Invest (A Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology) 88(12):1358–1366. doi: 10.1038/labinvest.2008.94 Google Scholar
  154. Zhang LJ, Wang SY, Huo XH, Zhu ZL, Chu JK, Ma JC, Cui DS, Gu P, Zhao ZR, Wang MW, Yu J (2009) Anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy followed by celecoxib on progression of gastric precancerous lesions. World J Gastroenterol 15(22):2731–2738PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  155. Zhu Y, Wang J, He Q, Zhang JQ (2011) The association between interleukin-10-592 polymorphism and gastric cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Med Oncol 28(1):133–136. doi: 10.1007/s12032-010-9417-3 PubMedGoogle Scholar
  156. Zhuang Y, Peng LS, Zhao YL, Shi Y, Mao XH, Chen W, Pang KC, Liu XF, Liu T, Zhang JY, Zeng H, Liu KY, Guo G, Tong WD, Shi Y, Tang B, Li N, Yu S, Luo P, Zhang WJ, Lu DS, Yu PW, Zou QM (2012) CD8(+) T cells that produce interleukin-17 regulate myeloid-derived suppressor cells and are associated with survival time of patients with gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 143(4):951–962, e958. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.010
  157. Zouki C, Jozsef L, Ouellet S, Paquette Y, Filep JG (2001) Peroxynitrite mediates cytokine-induced IL-8 gene expression and production by human leukocytes. J Leukoc Biol 69(5):815–824PubMedGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Basel 2014

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of General SurgeryAnkara Numune Research and Training HospitalAnkaraTurkey

Personalised recommendations

Cite chapter

Buy options