Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Treatment and Prevention of Malaria pp 293–307Cite as

Malaria Diagnostics: Lighting the Path

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 2292 Accesses

Part of the book series: Milestones in Drug Therapy ((MDT))

Abstract

Drugs cure malaria, while diagnostics reduce the use of drugs. Thus, they not only impose a risk, demanding strong health service structures, but also deliver clear advantages in drug targeting and evidence-based management of fever. Often in the past, the costs of delivering accurate diagnostic results were seen as a reason for remaining blind, contributing to a stagnation in malaria and febrile disease management. The advent of new diagnostic technologies and demands of declining transmission rates have brought diagnosis to center stage in malaria management, and promise to catalyze reform in the management of febrile illness and wider health service delivery.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Cunha BA (2004) Osler on typhoid fever: differentiating typhoid from typhus and malaria. Infect Dis Clin North Am 18:111–125

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Wright PW, Avery WG, Ardill WD, McLarty JW (1993) Initial clinical assessment of the comatose patient: cerebral malaria vs. meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 12:37–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Madhi SA, Klugman KP (2006) Acute respiratory infections. In: Jamison DT, Feachem RG, Makgoba MW et al (eds) Disease and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bassett MT, Taylor P, Bvirakare J, Chiteka F, Govere EJ (1991) Clinical diagnosis of malaria: can we improve? Trop Med Hyg 94:65–69

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Redd SC, Kazembe PN, Luby SP, Nwanyanwu O, Hightower AW, Ziba C, Wirima JJ, Chitsulo L, Franco C, Olivar M (1996) Clinical algorithm for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children. Lancet 347:223–227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Luxemburger C, Nosten F, Kyle DE, Kiricharoen L, Chongsuphafajaiidhi T, White NJ (1998) Clinical features cannot predict a diagnosis of malaria or differentiate the infecting species in children living in an area of low transmission. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92:45

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Mwangi TW, Mohammed M, Dayo H, Snow RW, Marsh K (2005) Clinical algorithms for malaria diagnosis lack utility among people of different age groups. Trop Med Int Health 10:530–536

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Quigley MA, Armstrong Schellenberg JR, Snow RW (1996) Algorithms for verbal autopsies: a validation study in Kenyan children. Bull World Health Organ 74:147–154

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Hackett L (1937) Malaria in Europe: an ecological study. Oxford University Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  10. Ackerknecht EH (1945) Malaria in the Upper Mississippi Valley 1760–1900. Bull Hist Med (suppl) viii+142

    Google Scholar 

  11. Deane LM (1988) Malaria studies and control in Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 38:223–230

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Najera JA, Gonzalez-Silva M, Alonso PL (2011) Some lessons for the future from the Global Malaria Eradication Programme (1955–1969). PLoS Med 8:e1000412

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Black RE, Cousens S, Johnson HL, Lawn JE, Rudan I, Bassani DG, Jha P, Campbell H, Walker CF, Cibulskis R, Eisele T, Liu L, Mathers C; Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group of WHO, UNICEF (2010) Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2008: a systematic analysis. Lancet 375:1969–1987

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. WHO (2010) World Malaria Report. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  15. D’Acremont V, Lengeler C, Genton B (2010) Reduction in the proportion of fevers associated with Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia in Africa: a systematic review. Malar J 9:240

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Shillcutt S, Morel C, Goodman C, Coleman P, Bell D, Whitty CJ, Mills A (2008) Cost-effectiveness of malaria diagnostic methods in sub-Saharan Africa in an era of combination therapy. Bull World Health Organ 86:101–110

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lubell Y, Reyburn H, Mbakilwa H, Mwangi R, Chonya S, Whitty CJ, Mills A (2008) The impact of response to the results of diagnostic tests for malaria: cost-benefit analysis. Br Med J 336:202–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. WHO (2009) Malaria rapid diagnostic test performance, Round 1. World Health Organization, Geneva. ISBN 978 92 4 159807 1

    Google Scholar 

  19. WHO (2010) Malaria rapid diagnostic test performance, Round 2. World Health Organization, Geneva. ISBN 978 92 4 159946 7

    Google Scholar 

  20. Lot testing results. http://www.finddiagnostics.org/about/what_we_do/successes/malaria_rdt_lot_testing_results/index.html

  21. Kachur SP, Nicolas E, Jean-François V, Benitez A, Bloland PB, Saint Jean Y, Mount DL, Ruebush TK 2nd, Nguyen-Dinh P (1998) Prevalence of malaria parasitemia and accuracy of microscopic diagnosis in Haiti, October 1995. Rev Panam Salud Publ 3:35–39

    Google Scholar 

  22. Durrheim DN, Becker PJ, Billinghurst K (1997) Diagnostic disagreement–the lessons learnt from malaria diagnosis in Mpumalanga. S Afr Med J 87:1016

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kain KC, Harrington MA, Tennyson S, Keystone JS (1998) Imported malaria: prospective analysis of problems in diagnosis and management. Clin Infect Dis 27:142–149

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Coleman RE, Maneechai N, Rachaphaew N, Kumpitak C, Miller RS, Soyseng V, Thimasarn K, Sattabongkot J (2002) Comparison of field and expert laboratory microscopy for active surveillance for asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in western Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67:141–144

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. O’Meara WP, McKenzie FE, Magill AJ, Forney JR, Permpanich B, Lucas C, Gasser RA Jr, Wongsrichanalai C (2005) Sources of variability in determining malaria parasite density by microscopy. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73:593–598

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Kilian AH, Metzger WG, Mutschelknauss EJ, Kabagambe G, Langi P, Korte R, von Sonnenburg F (2000) Reliability of malaria microscopy in epidemiological studies: results of quality control. Trop Med Int Health 5:3–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Anthony RL, Bangs MJ, Anthony JM, Purnomo (1992) On-site diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae by using the Quantitative Buffy Coat system. J Parasitol 78:994–998

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Parija SC, Dhodapkar R, Elangovan S, Chaya DR (2009) A comparative study of blood smear, QBC and antigen detection for diagnosis of malaria. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 52:200–202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Adeoye GO, Nga IC (2007) Comparison of Quantitative Buffy Coat technique (QBC) with Giemsa-stained Thick Film (GTF) for diagnosis of malaria. Parasitol Int 56:308–312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Shiff CJ, Premji Z, Minjas JN (1993) The rapid manual ParaSight-F test. A new diagnostic tool for Plasmodium falciparum infection. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 87:646–648

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. RBM, MMV: Tracking progress in scaling-up diagnosis and treatment for malaria. Geneva, Roll back Malaria Partnership, Medicines for Malaria Venture. 2009. http://www.rbm.who.int/partnership/wg/wg_procurementsupply/docs/ACT_RDTscaleUpAssessment_MMVRBMaugust2010.pdf

  32. WHO-TDR-FIND (2010) Methods manual for laboratory quality control testing of malaria rapid diagnostic tests, Version Six. 2010. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  33. WHO-FIND-TDR-USCDC (2010) Methods manual for product testing of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (version 3). World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  34. WHO (2009) Parasitological confirmation of malaria diagnosis. Report of a WHO technical consultation, Geneva, 6–8 Oct 2009. ISBN 978 92 4 159941 2

    Google Scholar 

  35. Bisoffi Z, Sirima BS, Angheben A, Lodesani C, Gobbi F, Tinto H, Van den Ende J (2009) Rapid malaria diagnostic tests vs. clinical management of malaria in rural Burkina Faso: safety and effect on clinical decisions. A randomized trial. Trop Med Int Health 14:491–498

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Zurovac D, Njogu J, Akhwale W, Hamer DH, Larson BA, Snow RW (2008) Effects of revised diagnostic recommendations on malaria treatment practices across age groups in Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 13:784–787

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Chandler CI, Chonya S, Boniface G, Juma K, Reyburn H, Whitty CJ (2008) The importance of context in malaria diagnosis and treatment decisions – a quantitative analysis of observed clinical encounters in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 13:1131–1142

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. D’Acremont V, Kahama-Maro J, Swai N, Mtasiwa D, Genton B, Lengeler C (2011) Reduction of anti-malarial consumption after rapid diagnostic tests implementation in Dar es Salaam: a before-after and cluster randomized controlled study. Malar J 10:107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Thiam S, Thior M, Faye B, Ndiop M, Diouf ML, Diouf MB, Diallo I, Fall FB, Ndiaye JL, Albertini A et al (2011) Major reduction in anti-malarial drug consumption in Senegal after nation-wide introduction of malaria rapid diagnostic tests. PLoS One 6:e18419

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. D’Acremont V, Malila A, Swai N, Tillya R, Kahama-Maro J, Lengeler C, Genton B (2010) Withholding antimalarials in febrile children who have a negative result for a rapid diagnostic test. Clin Infect Dis 51:506–511

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Msellem MI, Martensson A, Rotllant G, Bhattarai A, Stromberg J, Kahigwa E, Garcia M, Petzold M, Olumese P, Ali A et al (2009) Influence of rapid malaria diagnostic tests on treatment and health outcome in fever patients, Zanzibar: a crossover validation study. PLoS Med 6:e1000070

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Snounou GS, Viriyakosol S, Zhu XP, Jarra W, Pinheiro L, do Rosario VE, Thaithong S, Brown KN (1993) High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol 61:315–320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Mixson-Hayden T, Lucchi NW, Udhayakumar V (2010) Evaluation of three PCR-based diagnostic assays for detecting mixed Plasmodium infection. BMC Res Notes 3:88

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Boehme CC, Nabeta P, Hillemann D, Nicol MP, Shenai S, Krapp F, Allen J, Tahirli R, Blakemore R, Rustomjee R et al (2010) Rapid molecular detection of tuberculosis and rifampin resistance. N Engl J Med 363:1005–1015

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Polley SD, Mori Y, Watson J, Perkins MD, González IJ, Notomi T, Chiodini PL, Sutherland CJ (2010) Mitochondrial DNA targets increase sensitivity of malaria detection using loop mediated isothermal amplification. J Clin Microbiol 48:2866–2871

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Snow RW, Molyneux CS, Warn PA, Omumbo J, Nevill CG, Gupta S, Marsh K (1996) Infant parasite rates and immunoglobulin M seroprevalence as a measure of exposure to Plasmodium falciparum during a randomized controlled trial of insecticide-treated bed nets on the Kenyan coast. Am J Trop Med Hyg 55:144–149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Drakeley CJ, Corran PH, Coleman PG, Tongren JE, McDonald SL, Carneiro I, Malima R, Lusingu J, Manjurano A, Nkya WM et al (2005) Estimating medium- and long-term trends in malaria transmission by using serological markers of malaria exposure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:5108–5113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Avenue de Budé 16, Geneva, 1202, Switzerland

    David Bell & Mark D. Perkins

Authors
  1. David Bell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mark D. Perkins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark D. Perkins .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Infection, Div. Cellular & Molecular Medicine, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, United Kingdom

    Henry M. Staines

  2. Medical School, Dept. Infectious Diseases, St. George´s Hospital, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, United Kingdom

    Sanjeev Krishna

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Basel AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bell, D., Perkins, M.D. (2011). Malaria Diagnostics: Lighting the Path. In: Staines, H., Krishna, S. (eds) Treatment and Prevention of Malaria. Milestones in Drug Therapy. Springer, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0480-2_15

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation