Abstract
In England, France, and Germany, the decades prior to Brexit and COVID-19 were marked by the growing significance of the international dimension across national HE systems as well as the Europeanisation of the latter. This chapter first provides an overview of European HE policy integration during the post-war period with a particular focus on student mobility policies that have institutionalised the latter, most notably the Erasmus programme and the Bologna process. Key events surrounding the integration of European HE are summarised in a timeline. The overview of the EU’s HE policies is followed by an introduction into the HE systems of England, France, and Germany; and a characterisation of their respective HE internationalisation strategies until the beginning of the age of disruption in 2016.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
AEF Info. (2023). Droits différenciés: seules 13 universités les appliquent complètement. Retrieved January 12, 2024, from https://www.aefinfo.fr/depeche/689915-droits-differencies-seules-13-universites-les-appliquent-completement
Baden-Württemberg International. (2023). Baden-Württemberg International. Retrieved April 15, 2023, from https://www.bw-i.de/
Ballatore, M., & Ferede, M. K. (2013). The Erasmus programme in France, Italy and the United Kingdom: Student mobility as a signal of distinction and privilege. European Educational Research Journal, 12(4), 525–533. https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2013.12.4.525
Barats, C. (2020). Dissemination of international rankings: Characteristics of the media coverage of the Shanghai Ranking in the French press. Palgrave Communications, 6(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-0440-5
Bavarian State Ministry of Science and the Arts. (2023). Welcome to Bavaria! Retrieved February 8, 2023, from https://www.study-in-bavaria.de/
BBC News. (2000, December 1). University chiefs shed ‘grey’ image. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/1048326.stm
Bleiklie, I. (2018). New public management or neoliberalism, higher education. In C. Shin & P. Teixera (Eds.), Encyclopedia of international higher education systems and institutions (pp. 1–7). Springer.
BMBF. (2017). Internationalisierung von Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung. Strategie der Bundesregierung. Retrieved April 24, 2023, from https://www.bmbf.de/SharedDocs/Publikationen/de/bmbf/2/31254_Internationalisierungsstrategie.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3
Bolton, P. (2023, February 1). Higher education student numbers. House of Commons Library Research Briefing Number 7857. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7857/CBP-7857.pdf
Borgogno, V., & Streiff-Fénart, J. (1999). L’accueil des étudiants étrangers en France: Politiques et enjeux actuels. Cahiers de l’Urmis, 5, 77–86. https://doi.org/10.4000/urmis.354
Boudard, E., & Westerheijden, D. F. (2017). France: Initiatives for excellence. In H. de Boer, J. File, J. Huisman, M. Seeber, M. Vukasovic, & D. F. Westerheijden (Eds.), Policy analysis of structural reforms in higher education (pp. 161–182). Springer.
bpb—Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. (2013). Wie der Staat das Bildungswesen prägt. Retrieved April 18, 2023, from https://www.bpb.de/themen/bildung/dossier-bildung/145238/wie-der-staat-das-bildungswesen-praegt/
Brady, P. (2020). Internationalisation of post-1992 UK universities: The good, the bad and the ugly. Anthem Press.
Brennan, J., & Henkel, M. (2017). Higher education systems and institutions, United Kingdom. In J. C. Shin & P. Teixeira (Eds.), Encyclopedia of international higher education systems and institutions (pp. 1–10). Springer.
Brilliant, M. (2011). L’émergence de la polémique autour de la formule «immigration choisie» dans la presse française (Janvier–juillet 2005). Semen. Revue de sémio-linguistique des textes et discours, 31, 113–128. https://doi.org/10.4000/semen.9105
British Council. (2023). Finance. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://www.britishcouncil.org/about-us/how-we-work/finance
Brown, R., & Carasso, H. (2013). Everything for sale? The marketisation of UK higher education. Routledge.
Campus France. (2021). Les missions de Campus France. Retrieved April 6, 2021, from https://www.campusfrance.org/fr/les-missions-de-campus-france
Campus France. (2023a). Les missions de Campus France. Retrieved May 2, 2023, from https://www.campusfrance.org/fr/les-missions-de-campus-france
Campus France. (2023b). Campus France offices around the world. Retrieved May 2, 2023, from https://www.campusfrance.org/en/Campus-France-offices-world
Campus France. (2023c). “Bienvenue en France” Certification: 151 institutions certified. Retrieved January 24, 2024, from https://www.campusfrance.org/en/news/bienvenue-en-france-certification-institutions-certified
Castaing, F., & Froment, P. (2019). Hausse des frais universitaires: « Le label “Bienvenue en France” menace les études méditerranéennes ». Le Monde. Retrieved April 20, 2023, from https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/01/07/hausse-des-frais-universitaires-le-label-bienvenue-en-france-menace-les-etudes-mediterraneennes_5405966_3232.html
CGT. (2019, March 11). CNESER 11 mars 2019. Bienvenue en France: Intervention CGT. Retrieved April 20, 2023, from http://cgt.fercsup.net/les-dossiers/les-instances/cneser/article/cneser-o-11-mars-2019-o-declarations-cgt-et-motion
Chandler, A. (1985). Foreign students and Government Policy: Britain, France. American Council on Education.
Chankseliani, M. (2018). Four rationales of HE internationalization: Perspectives of U.K. universities on attracting students from former Soviet countries. Journal of Studies in International Education, 22(1), 53–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315317725806
Charles, N., & Delpech, Q. (2015). Investir dans l’internationalisation de l’enseignement supérieur. France Stratégie.
Corbett, A. (2003). Ideas, institutions and policy entrepreneurs: Towards a new history of higher education in the European Community. European Journal of Education, 38(3), 315–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-3435.00150
Crăciun, D. (2019). Systematizing national higher education internationalization strategies: Reconceptualizing a process (PhD thesis). Central European University, Budapest. Retrieved May 2, 2023, from https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/222724257/craciundaniela.pdf
DAAD. (2012). Transnationale Bildung in Deutschland. Positionspapier des DAAD. DAAD. Retrieved April 24, 2023, from https://www2.daad.de/medien/hochschulen/projekte/tnb_positionspapier_deutsch_nachdruck_2019.pdf
DAAD. (2023a). Geschichte. Retrieved April 18, 2023, from https://www.daad.de/de/der-daad/wer-wir-sind/geschichte/
DAAD. (2023b). Budget und Geldgeber des DAAD. Retrieved April 18, 2023, from https://www.daad.de/de/der-daad/was-wir-tun/zahlen-und-fakten/budget-und-geldgeber-des-daad/
DAAD, AvH, DFG, & HRK. (Hrsg.). (2020). Internationalität an deutschen Hochschulen: HSI-Monitor Gesamtbericht 2019/2020. DAAD. Retrieved April 15, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.46686/HSIMonitor.2020.gb
DAAD & DZHW. (2017). Wissenschaft weltoffen 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2023, from https://www.wissenschaft-weltoffen.de/content/uploads/2022/09/wiwe_2017_verlinkt.pdf
DAAD & DZHW. (2018). Wissenschaft weltoffen 2018. Retrieved May 12, 2023, from https://www.wissenschaft-weltoffen.de/content/uploads/2022/06/wiwe_2018_verlinkt.pdf
De Benedictis, L., & Leoni, S. (2020). Gender bias in the Erasmus network of universities. Applied Network Science, 5(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-020-00297-9
Deem, R. (2017). New managerialism in higher education. In J. C. Shin & P. Teixeira (Eds.), Encyclopedia of international higher education systems and institutions (pp. 1–7). Springer.
Department for Education. (2019). UK revenue from education related exports and transnational education activity in 2016. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/773167/SFR_Education_Exports_2016.pdf
de Wit, H., & Merkx, G. (2022). The history of the internationalization of higher education. In D. K. Deardorff, H. de Wit, B. Leask, & H. Charles (Eds.), The handbook of international higher education (2nd ed., pp. 23–52). Stylus Publishing.
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. (2013). International education: Global growth and prosperity. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/340600/bis-13-1081-international-education-global-growth-and-prosperity-revised.pdf
DFG. (2023). Exzellenzstrategie des Bundes und der Länder. Retrieved May 14, 2023, from https://www.dfg.de/foerderung/programme/exzellenzstrategie/
Dobbins, M. (2012). How market-oriented is French higher education? French Politics, 10(2), 134–159. https://doi.org/10.1057/fp.2012.5
Dobbins, M. (2017). Convergent or divergent Europeanization? An analysis of higher education governance reforms in France and Italy. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 83(1), 177–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852315580498
Dobbins, M., & Knill, C. (2017). Higher education governance in France, Germany, and Italy: Change and variation in the impact of transnational soft governance. Policy and Society, 36(1), 67–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2017.1278868
Duran Martinez, R., Gutiérrez, G., Beltrán Llavador, F., & Martínez Abad, F. (2016). The impact of an Erasmus placement in students’ perception of their intercultural communicative competence. Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 45(4), 338–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/17475759.2016.1186721
El-Khawas, E., & Mputu, H. (1998). World Statistical outlook on higher education: 1980–1995 (Working document). UNESCO. Retrieved April 20, 2023, from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000113601
Elliott, D. (1997). United Kingdom. In T. Kalvemark & M. van der Wende (Eds.), National policies for the internationalisation of higher education in Europe (pp. 189–201). National Agency for Higher Education.
European Commission. (2017a). From Erasmus to Erasmus+: A story of 30 years. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/MEMO_17_83
European Commission. (2017b). Annex I Erasmus+ programme annual report 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://wayback.archive-it.org/12090/20210928014445/https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/erasmus-plus/sites/default/files/erasmus-plus-annual-report-2015-annex-1_en.pdf
European Parliament. (2023). The principle of subsidiarity. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/7/the-principle-of-subsidiarity
Farnham, D. (1999). The United Kingdom: End of the donnish dominion? In D. Farnham (Ed.), Managing academic staff in changing university systems: International trends and comparisons (pp. 2019–2236). Society for Research in Higher Education & Open University Press.
Ferlie, E., Musselin, C., & Andresani, G. (2009). The governance of higher education systems: A public management perspective. In C. Paradeise, E. Reale, I. Bleiklie, & E. Ferlie (Eds.), University governance: Western European comparative perspectives (pp. 1–19). Springer.
Field, J. (1996). The European Union and the learning society: Contested sovereignty in an age of globalisation. In F. Coffield (Ed.), A national strategy for lifelong learning (pp. 95–111). University of Newcastle.
Finger, C. (2012). Steht die Welt allen offen? Bologna und die internationale Mobilität der Studierenden (WZBrief Bildung 20). Wissenschaftszentrum für Sozialforschung Berlin.
France Universités (formerly CPU). (2018). Position de la CPU sur la répartition des moyens 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2023, from https://franceuniversites.fr/actualite/position-de-la-cpu-sur-la-repartition-des-moyens-2019/
García, H. A., & Villarreal, M. de L. (2014). The “redirecting” of international students: American higher education policy hindrances and implications. Journal of International Students, 4(2), 126–136. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v4i2.473
Gareis, P., & Broekel, T. (2022). The spatial patterns of student mobility before, during and after the Bologna process in Germany. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 113(3), 290–309.
Garritzmann, J. L. (2016). The political economy of higher education finance: The politics of tuition fees and subsidies in OECD countries 1945–2015. Palgrave Macmillan.
Gosnell, J. (2008). The Alliance Francaise, empire and America. French Cultural Studies, 19(2), 227–243.
Graf, L. (2009). Applying the varieties of capitalism approach to higher education: Comparing the internationalisation of German and British universities. European Journal of Education, 44(4), 569–585. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3435.2009.01401.x
Graf, L. (2013). The hybridization of vocational training and higher education in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. Budrich UniPress.
GWK—Gemeinsame Wissenschaftskonferenz. (2013). Strategie der Wissenschaftsminister/innen von Bund und Ländern für die Internationalisierung der Hochschulen in Deutschland (Beschluss der 18. Sitzung der Gemeinsamen Wissenschaftskonferenz am 12. April 2013 in Berlin). GWK.
Hajela, R., & Sumption, M. (2017). Non-EU higher education students: Impact on the UK economy. The Migration Observatory. Retrieved January 3, 2024, from https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Briefing-Higher_Education-3.pdf
Hartmann, M. (2010). Die Exzellenzinitiative und ihre Folgen. Leviathan, 38(3), 369–387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11578-010-0091-9
Hauser, W. (2008). Neues zur beruflichen Anerkennung im EU-Bereich. Zeitschrift für Hochschulrecht, Hochschulmanagement und Hochschulpolitik: zfhr, 7(1), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00741-008-0161-z
Haziza, L., & Penot, F. (2020). Politiques migratoires et mobilités étudiantes: De la politique de l’immigration choisie à “Bienvenue en France”. E-Migrinter, 20. Retrieved April 20, 2023, from https://journals.openedition.org/e-migrinter/2138
Highman, L. (2020). Remapping French higher education: Towards a multi-tiered higher education system? Tertiary Education and Management, 26, 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11233-019-09052-x
Highman, L. (2021). Emerging from the mist: French universities and Global rankings. International Higher Education, 105(18), 37–39. https://doi.org/10.36197/IHE.2021.105.18
Horne, J. (2017). “To spread the French language is to extend the Patrie”: The colonial mission of the Alliance Française. French Historical Studies, 40(1), 95–127. https://doi.org/10.1215/00161071-3686068
Internationale Expertenkommission zur Evaluation der Exzellenzinitiative. (2016). Evaluation der Exzellenzinitiative. Endbericht der Internationalen Expertenkommission. Retrieved April 20, 2023, from https://www.bmbf.de/bmbf/shareddocs/downloads/files/endbericht_internationale_expe-kommission_exzellenzinitiative.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=2
Jacobone, V., & Moro, G. (2015). Evaluating the impact of the Erasmus programme: Skills and European identity. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 40(2), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2014.909005
Jamid, H. (2018, November 20). Débat: « Bienvenue en France » aux étudiants étrangers, vraiment ? The Conversation. Retrieved April 20, 2023, from http://theconversation.com/debat-bienvenue-en-france-aux-etudiants-etrangers-vraiment-107291
Johnson, N. (1999). From vocational training to education: The development of a no-frontiers education policy for Europe? Education and the Law, 11(3), 199–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/0953996990110303
Kabbanji, L. (2019, March 15). Le plan Bienvenue en France: Nouveau volet d’une politique migratoire selective. Institut Convergences Migrations. Retrieved April 20, 2023, from https://www.icmigrations.cnrs.fr/2019/03/14/defacto-5-003/
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie. (2023). Baden-Württemberg-Programme. Retrieved April 18, 2023, from https://www.intl.kit.edu/ostudent/3606.php
Kehm, B. M. (2018). Higher education systems and institutions, Germany. In J. C. Shin & P. Teixeira (Eds.), Encyclopedia of international higher education systems and institutions (pp. 1–10). Springer.
Lange, B., & Alexiadou, N. (2007). New forms of European Union governance in the education sector? A preliminary analysis of the open method of coordination. European Educational Research Journal, 6(4), 321–335. https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2007.6.4.321
Lanzendorf, U., & Teichler, U. (2002). ERASMUS under the umbrella of SOCRATES: An evaluation study. In U. Teichler (Ed.), ERASMUS in the SOCRATES programme—Findings of an evaluation study (pp. 13–28). Lemmens Verlags- & Mediengesellschaft.
Le Conseil d’État. (2020). Conseil d’État 1er juillet 2020, Arrêté fixant les frais d’inscription dans l’enseignement supérieur. Retrieved April 21, 2023, from https://www.conseil-etat.fr/ressources/decisions-contentieuses/dernieres-decisions-importantes/conseil-d-etat-1er-juillet-2020-arrete-fixant-les-frais-d-inscription-dans-l-enseignement-superieur
Le Gouvernement. (2018a). Bienvenue en France—Choose. Stratégie d’attractivité pour les étudiants internationaux. Retrieved May 23, 2023, from https://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/content_migration/document/Strategie_d_attractivite_pour_les_etudiants_internationaux_-_19.11.2018_1034731.pdf
Le Gouvernement. (2018b). Présentation de la stratégie d’attractivité pour les étudiants internationaux. Retrieved May 7, 2023, from https://www.gouvernement.fr/partage/10704-presentation-de-la-strategie-d-attractivite-pour-les-etudiants-internationaux
Libération. (2020, June 10). Frais d’inscription des étudiants étrangers: L’urgence de l’égalité. Retrieved April 20, 2023, from https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2020/06/10/frais-d-inscription-des-etudiants-etrangers-l-urgence-de-l-egalite_1790745/
Luijten-Lub, A., van der Wende, M., & Huisman, J. (2005). On cooperation and competition: A comparative analysis of national policies for internationalisation of higher education in seven Western European countries. Journal of Studies in International Education, 9(2), 147–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315305276092
Maassen, P., & Musselin, C. (2009). European integration and the Europeanisation of higher education. In A. Amaral, G. Neave, C. Musselin, & P. Maassen (Eds.), European integration and the governance of higher education and research (pp. 3–14). Springer.
Marshall, J. (2020, July 3). Steep rise in non-EU student fees will now go ahead. University World News. Retrieved April 20, 2023, from https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20200703084752569
Martínez-Usarralde, M.-J., Pausá, J. M., & García-López, R. (2017). The ERASMUS experience and its capacitating potential: Analysis of adaptive capabilities. International Journal of Educational Development, 53, 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2017.01.001
Mergele, L., & Winkelmayer, F. (2021). Verstärkt die Exzellenzinitiative die finanzielle Ungleichheit zwischen den Universitäten? Ifo Schnelldienst, 74(6), 50–52.
MESRI. (2010). Investissements d’avenir: Lancement de l’appel à projets “Initiatives d’excellence.” Retrieved April 21, 2021, from https://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/cid53293/investissements-d-avenir-lancement-de-l-appel-a-projets-initiatives-d-excellence.html
Metz, A., & Seeger, S. (2006). Das Weißbuch der Europäischen Kommission für eine europäische Kommunikationspolitik und die kommunale Ebene. In U. von Alemann & C. Münch. (Eds.), Europafähigkeit der Kommunen: Die lokale Ebene in der Europäischen Union (pp. 233–248). Springer VS.
Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg. (2023). Gebühren für Internationale Studierende und Zweitstudium. Retrieved February 27, 2023, from https://mwk.baden-wuerttemberg.de/de/hochschulenstudium/studium/studienfinanzierung/gebuehren-fuer-internationale-studierende-und-zweitstudium/#:~:text=Seit%20dem%20Wintersemester%202017%2F18,650%20Euro%20je%20Semester%20erhoben
Mitchell, N. (2021, January 7). The challenge of replacing Erasmus+ with the Turing programme. University World News. Retrieved April 22, 2023, from https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20210107092516823
Möller, T., Schmidt, M., & Hornbostel, S. (2016). Assessing the effects of the German Excellence Initiative with bibliometric methods. Scientometrics, 109(3), 2217–2239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-2090-3
Musselin, C. (2007). France. In J. J. F. Forest & P. G. Altbach (Eds.), International handbook of higher education (pp. 711–728). Springer.
Musselin, C. (2017). La Grande Course des Universités. Presses de Sciences Po.
Myklebust, J. P. (2011, December 8). EUROPE: EU sets 20% student mobility target. University World News. Retrieved May 14, 2023, from https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=2011120816445063
Neave, G. (1994). The politics of quality: Developments in higher education in western Europe 1992–1994. European Journal of Education, 29(2), 115–134. https://doi.org/10.2307/1561636
Oakland, J. (2015). British civilization: An introduction. Routledge.
Paradeise, C. (2017). Higher-education systems and institutions, France. In J. C. Shin & P. Teixeira (Eds.), Encyclopedia of international higher education systems and institutions (pp. 1–11). Springer.
Pechar, H. (2012). The decline of an academic oligarchy. The Bologna process and ‘Humboldt’s last warriors.’ In A. Curaj, P. Scott, L. Vlasceanu, & L. Wilson (Eds.), European higher education at the crossroads. Between the Bologna process and national reforms (pp. 613–630). Springer.
Pekşen, S., & Leišytė, L. (2021). Germany: Policies for internationalization. International Higher Education, 106, 15–16.
Phillips-Universität Marburg. (2023). Austauschprogramme des Landes Hessen. Retrieved April 18, 2023, from https://www.uni-marburg.de/de/international/ins-ausland/studierende/studium/weltweit/hessen-landesprogramme
Powell, J. J. W., Bernhard, N., & Graf, L. (2012). The emergent European model in skill formation: Comparing higher education and vocational training in the Bologna and Copenhagen processes. Sociology of Education, 85(3), 240–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038040711427313
Powell, J. J. W., & Finger, C. (2013). The Bologna process’s model of mobility in Europe: The relationship of its spatial and social dimensions. European Educational Research Journal, 12(2), 270–285. https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2013.12.2.270
Radaelli, C. M. (2003). The open method of coordination: A new governance architecture for the European Union? Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies.
Roche, M. (2014). Was die deutschen Universitäten von den amerikanischen lernen können und was sie vermeiden sollten. Felix Meiner.
Salmi, J. (2018). Social dimension within a quality oriented higher education system. In A. Curaj, L. Deca, & R. Pricopie (Eds.), European higher education area: The impact of past and future policies (pp. 141–154). Springer.
Schraeder, H. (2008). Die Universitätsreform in Frankreich – ein gelungener Auftakt. Forschungsinstitut der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Auswärtige Politik.
Schreiterer, U. (2016). Deutsche Wissenschaftspolitik im internationalen Kontext. In D. Simon, A. Knie, S. Hornbostel, & K. Zimmermann. (Eds.), Handbuch Wissenschaftspolitik (2. Auflage). Springer VS.
Schwinges, R. C. (Ed.). (2001). Humboldt International. Der Export des deutschen Universitätsmodells im 19. Und 20. Jahrhundert. Schwabe & Co. AG Verlag.
Scott, P. (1988). Blueprint or blue remembered hills? The relevance of the Robbins Report to the present reforms of higher education. Oxford Review of Education, 14(1), 33–48.
Shanghai Ranking. (2020). Academic ranking of world universities. Retrieved April 18, 2023, from https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2020
Shattock, M. (2007). United Kingdom. In J. J. F. Forest & P. G. Altbach (Eds.), International handbook of higher education (pp. 1019–1033). Springer.
Shattock, M., & Horvath, A. (2019). The governance of British higher education: The impact of governmental, financial and market pressures. Bloomsbury.
Shaw, C. (2014, September 18). Removing the cap on student numbers—Six questions answered. The Guardian. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/blog/2014/sep/18/removing-cap-student-numbers-six-questions-hepi-report
Souto-Otero, M., & Enders, J. (2017). International students’ and employers’ use of rankings: A cross-national analysis. Studies in Higher Education, 42(4), 783–810.
Sturm, R. (2013). Demokratie als “Leitgedanke” des deutschen Föderalismus. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. Retrieved May 12, 2023, from https://www.bpb.de/shop/zeitschriften/izpb/foederalismus-in-deutschland/318/159332/demokratie-als-leitgedanke-des-deutschen-foederalismus/
Szarka, J. (2003). Student mobility in the EU. European Integration Studies, 2(2), 123–138.
Taylor, P. M. (1978). Cultural diplomacy and the British Council: 1934–1939. Review of International Studies, 4(3), 244–265.
Teichler, U. (2019). Bologna and student mobility: A fuzzy relationship. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 32(4), 429–449. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2019.1597685
Tomlinson, M. (2017). Student perceptions of themselves as ‘consumers’ of higher education. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 38(4), 450–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2015.1113856
Tronchet, G. (2017). France: Learning from the past: Historical trends in internationalization of French higher education. In G. Mihut, P. Altbach, & H. de Wit (Eds.), Understanding higher education internationalization (pp. 29–34). Sense Publishers.
UK Government Communication Service. (2020). Nine years of GREAT Campaign. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://gcs.civilservice.gov.uk/blog/nine-years-of-great-campaign/
University of Nottingham. (2023). About the University of Nottingham Malaysia. Retrieved April 17, 2023, from https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/jobs/about-the-university/about-malaysia.aspx#:~:text=The%20University%20of%20Nottingham%20Malaysia%20(UNM)%20opened%20in%20September%202000,Industry%20(International%20Trade)%202006
UUK. (2022). The scale of UK transnational education. Retrieved January 25, 2023, from https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/universities-uk-international/insights-and-publications/uuki-insights/scale-uk-transnational-education
Vögtle, E. M. (2019). 20 years of Bologna—A story of success, a story of failure. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 32(4), 406–428. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2019.1594717
Warwick, P., & Moogan, Y. J. (2013). A comparative study of perceptions of internationalisation strategies in UK universities. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 43(1), 102–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2013.746573
Wilkins, S., & Huisman, J. (2012). The international branch campus as transnational strategy in higher education. Higher Education, 64(5), 627–645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-012-9516-5
Williams, P. (1984). Britain’s full-cost policy for overseas students. Comparative Education Review, 28(2), 258–278. https://doi.org/10.1086/446434
Woisch, A., & Willige, J. (2015). Internationale Mobilität im Studium 2015. Ergebnisse der fünften Befragung deutscher Studierender zur studienbezogenen Auslandsmobilität. DZHW.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lohse, A.P. (2024). Institutionalising European HE Internationalisation. In: Higher Education in an Age of Disruption. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57912-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57912-7_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-57911-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-57912-7
eBook Packages: EducationEducation (R0)