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DeFog: Adaptive Microservice Scheduling on Kubernetes Clusters in Cloud-Edge-Fog Infrastructures

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Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA 2024)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies ((LNDECT,volume 201))

Abstract

DeFog is an innovative microservice placement and load-balancing approach for Kubernetes multi-cluster Cloud-Fog-Edge architectures to minimize application response times. Applications are modeled as Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) comprising multiple interconnected (micro) services. As the resources of the Edge and the Fog are limited, choosing among services to run on the Edge or the Fog is the problem this work is dealing with. DeFog focuses on dynamic (i.e., adaptive) and decentralized service placement with zero downtime, eliminating the need for coordination among the clusters. Several placement policies are tested on two realistic SOA applications to select the one that reduces application latency.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    https://kubernetes.io/.

  2. 2.

    https://docs.k3s.io/.

  3. 3.

    https://linkerd.io/.

  4. 4.

    https://locust.io.

References

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  2. Brogi, A., Forti, S., Guerrero, C., Lera, I.: Meet genetic algorithms in Monte Carlo: optimised placement of multi-service applications in the Fog. In: IEEE International Conference on Edge Computing (EDGE 2019), pp. 13–17. Milan, Italy, August 2019. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8812204

  3. Cardellini, V., Presti, F.L., Nardelli, M., Rossi, F.: Self-adaptive container deployment in the Fog: a survey. In: International Symposium on Algorithmic Aspects of Cloud Computing (ALGOCLOUD 2019), pp. 77–102. Munich, Germany, September 2019. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-58628-7_6

  4. Farhadi, V., et al.: Service placement and request scheduling for data-intensive applications in edge clouds. In: IEEE INFOCOM 2019 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, pp. 1279–1287. Paris, France, April 2019. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8737368

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  7. Manpathak, S.: Kubernetes Service Mesh: A Comparison of Istio, Linkerd, and Consul, June 2021. https://platform9.com/blog/kubernetes-service-mesh-a-comparison-of-istio-linkerd-and-consul/

  8. Ascigil, O., Phan, T.K., Tasiopoulos, A.G., Sourlas, V., Psaras, I., Pavlou, G.: On uncoordinated service placement in edge-clouds. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom 2017), pp. 41–48 (2017). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8241089

  9. Pallewatta, S., Kostakos, V., Buyya, R.: Microservices-based IoT application placement within heterogeneous and resource constrained fog computing environments. In: IEEE/ACM 12th International Conference on Utility and CloudComputing (UCC 2019), pp. 71–81. Auckland, New Zealand, December 2019. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3344341.3368800

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  11. Prountzos, T.: Dynamic Micro-Service Placement in Hybrid Cloud - Fog Infrastructures. Technical report, Diploma Thesis, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Crete (TUC), Chania, Crete, July 2023. https://dias.library.tuc.gr/view/96617

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  13. Shaik, S., Baskiyar, S.: A scalable approach to service placement in fog/cloud environments. In: IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference (IPCCC 2021), pp. 1–8. Austin, TX, USA, October 2021. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9679396

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Acknowledgment

We are grateful to Google for the Google Cloud Platform Education Grants program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Crete (TUC), 73100, Chania, Crete, Greece

    Athanasios Prountzos & Euripides G. M. Petrakis

Authors
  1. Athanasios Prountzos
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  2. Euripides G. M. Petrakis
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Euripides G. M. Petrakis .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, Japan

    Leonard Barolli

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Prountzos, A., Petrakis, E.G.M. (2024). DeFog: Adaptive Microservice Scheduling on Kubernetes Clusters in Cloud-Edge-Fog Infrastructures. In: Barolli, L. (eds) Advanced Information Networking and Applications. AINA 2024. Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies, vol 201. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57870-0_39

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