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Legal and Policy Assessment of the Implementation of the Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines in Mexico: A Baseline for Blue Justice

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Implementation of the Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines

Part of the book series: MARE Publication Series ((MARE,volume 28))

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Abstract

Despite a world consensus recognizing the economic, social, environmental, and cultural values of small-scale fisheries, Mexican fishers and their communities face vulnerability stemming from historical structural susceptibility, inequality, exclusion, and limited participation in policy and decision-making. The Blue Growth agenda positions oceans and ecosystems at the center of solutions to global environmental and social crises but fails to ensure equitable benefits for fishing communities. In contrast, Blue Justice and the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication (SSF Guidelines) call for the vindication of the fishing sector as a historical user of aquatic ecosystems and challenge the Blue Growth agenda through the lens of social justice. To advance the implementation of these initiatives, this chapter aims to (1) evaluate the alignment of Mexican laws and policies with respect to the SSF Guidelines and identify challenges associated with policy instruments and (2) propose lines of actions and reforms to advance the implementation of the SSF Guidelines and the inclusion of a Blue Justice approach in public policies in Mexico. To this end, we undertook a rapid appraisal based on a literature review and longitudinal analysis of the legal framework in Mexico. The results show that this framework offers moderate coherence of tenure rights, management, and climate change, incorporating diverse institutions to address resource management and policies. Nevertheless, there is a need to strengthen capacities and close gaps in gender, social rights, and decent work to improve fishers’ livelihoods, sustainable fisheries, and equitable conditions for the use of marine resources. Political will is needed to leverage these institutional arrangements and promote co-governance to implement the SSF Guidelines and undertake a Blue Justice approach in public policies. Mainstreaming the adoption of human rights-based approaches, the SSF Guidelines and Blue Justice can support such initiatives, while collaboration among civil society, academia, government, and fishers can encourage movement in this direction.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    DOF stands for “Diario Oficial de la Federación” (Federal Gazette), where legal instruments by federal administration are published. Appendix I lists all legal and policy instruments revised.

  2. 2.

    The total number of policies reviewed were 13; nonetheless, only eight were used for this specific purpose.

  3. 3.

    Informants come from nine coastal states: Baja California Sur, Baja California, Campeche, Oaxaca, Quintana Roo, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, and Yucatán. They had collaborated with INAPESCA, academics, and civil society organizations. Women interviewed had taken part in capacity-building initiatives and possess tenure for fishery development; hence, we rely on their expert knowledge.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Universidad Autónoma Comunal de Oaxaca, Unión Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Mexico

    Minerva Arce-Ibarra

  2. Independent Consultant, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico

    Fernanda Fitzmaurice

  3. Instituto Mexicano de Investigación de Pesca y Acuacultura Sustentable, Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico

    Miguel Ángel Cisneros-Mata

  4. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mérida Yucatán, Mexico

    Silvia Salas

  5. Comunidad y Biodiversidad A.C, Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico

    María José Espinosa-Romero, Valeria Fernández-Valencia & Francisco Javier Fernández-Rivera Melo

  6. Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas del IPN, La Paz, BCS, Mexico

    Germán Ponce-Díaz

Authors
  1. Minerva Arce-Ibarra
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  2. Fernanda Fitzmaurice
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  3. Miguel Ángel Cisneros-Mata
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  4. Silvia Salas
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  5. María José Espinosa-Romero
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  6. Valeria Fernández-Valencia
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  7. Francisco Javier Fernández-Rivera Melo
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  8. Germán Ponce-Díaz
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Silvia Salas .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Strathclyde Law School, Glasgow, UK

    Julia Nakamura

  2. Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada

    Ratana Chuenpagdee

  3. The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway

    Svein Jentoft

Appendix I: List of Official International and National Instruments Reviewed and Cited Across the Chapter

Appendix I: List of Official International and National Instruments Reviewed and Cited Across the Chapter

Legislation

0

Mexican Political Constitution (DOF, 1917) (as Supreme Law)

1

Fisheries Law (DOF 1925)

2

Fisheries Law (DOF1932)

3

Fisheries Law (DOF 1948)

4

Fisheries Law of the United States of Mexico (DOF 1950)

5

Federal Law for Fisheries Development (DOF 1972)

6

Federal Fisheries Law (DOF 1986)

7

Fisheries Law (DOF 1992)

8

General Law for Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture (DOF 2007)

9

Federal Labour Law (DOF 1970)

10

National Planning Law (DOF 1983)

11

General Law of Ecological Equilibrium and Environmental Protection (DOF, 1988)

12

General Law of Cooperative Society (DOF 1994)

13

General Law of Social Security (DOF 1995)

14

General Law of Budget and Fiscal Responsibility (DOF 2006)

15

General Law for Equality between Men and Women (DOF 2006)

16

General Law of Climate Change (DOF 2012)

Policies

1

Agreement that reserves fishing production to the cooperatives of Sonora and Baja California fishing of Cabrilla and Corvina in the waters of the Gulf of California (DOF 1948)

2

Decree declaring that only the members of the Seri Tribe and those of the Fishing Production Cooperative Society, SCL, may fish in the waters of the estuaries and bays located on the coasts of the Gulf of California and the coastlines of Isla del Tiburon (DOF 1975)

3

Decree that sets the outer limit of the Exclusive Economic Zone of Mexico (DOF 1976)

4

NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010, Environmental protection—Mexican native species of wild flora and fauna—risk categories and specifications for their inclusion, exclusion, or change: List of species at risk (DOF 2010)

5

Decree that modifies the name of Chapter I of the First Title and reforms various articles of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States (DOF 2011)

6

National Development Plan 2019–2024 (DOF 2019)

7

National Program for Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020–2024 (DOF 2020)

8

National Program for Equality between Women and Men (PROIGUALDAD) (DOF 2020a)

9

Program for the Promotion of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries, and Aquaculture for the fiscal year of 2021 (DOF 2021)

10

Operating Rules of the Program for the Promotion of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries, and Aquaculture for the fiscal year of 2022 (DOF 2021a)

11

Agreement that establishes the permissible catch volume for the corvina golfina (Cynoscion othonopterus) in waters under federal jurisdiction in the Upper Gulf of California and the Colorado River Delta for the 2021 fishing season (DOF 2021b)

12

Special Program for Climate Change (DOF 2021c)

13

National Fisheries Chart (DOF 2022)

Legal resources (writ of amparo)

1

Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (2011) Contradicción de Tesis 293/2011.

2

Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (2015) Extracto del Amparo Directo en Revisión 5452/2015

3

Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (2019) Amparo en Revisión 636/2019

International instruments

1

Additional protocol to the American convention on human rights in the area of economic, social, and cultural rights. Signed at San Salvador, El Salvador, on November 17th, 1988, at the 18th regular session of the general assembly of the Organization of American States (OAS)

2

Indigenous and tribal peoples convention, C169. (ILO). Adopted in the general conference of international labor Organization on June 27th, 1989

3

Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. Approved by the United Nations during the Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992

4

United Nations (2007) United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, UNGA Res 61/295

5

Regional agreement on access to information, public participation, and justice in environmental matters in Latin America and the Caribbean. Adopted at Escazú, Costa Rica, on march fourth, 2018.

6

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Arce-Ibarra, M. et al. (2024). Legal and Policy Assessment of the Implementation of the Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines in Mexico: A Baseline for Blue Justice. In: Nakamura, J., Chuenpagdee, R., Jentoft, S. (eds) Implementation of the Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines . MARE Publication Series, vol 28. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56716-2_5

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