Abstract
The first lesson learned and applied was to establish the Second Bank of the United States in 1816, since the absence of the First Bank of the United States after its charter was not renewed in 1811 severely hampered Gallatin’s attempts to raise domestic taxes to cover regular government expenditure or to raise new loans to cover the additional expenses of war. The new bank, however, had problems to establish itself, especially to obtain specie reserves to make its notes convertible. All this while the Bank of England was pulling in specie in anticipation of returning to the pre-war gold standard in 1819–1821. Again, Barings provided re-cycling of much of the funds used to redeem the Louisiana bonds in this period to invest in Bank of the U.S. stock, but also to set up financing of the French occupation loans in 1817–1819. Both Alexander and Pierre played leadership roles in arranging the much larger French loans, denominated in French francs with interest paid in Paris. Alexander had to deal with the Duke of Wellington for setting terms of payment to the occupying foreign armies and with Nicholas Vansittart, British Chancellor of the Exchequer, for coping with the resumption of the gold standard by the Bank of England. While Alexander performed brilliantly with the British military and political leaders, Pierre motivated the various French and European banking houses to participate as well in the French occupation loan. The question remains why their important roles in these major financial transactions have been overlooked in the historical literature.
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Notes
- 1.
Brown (1942), p. 144, fn. 84.
- 2.
Ibid., p. 145.
- 3.
The literature is extensive, as noted in Neal (1998), and continues with recent work in two Ph. D. dissertations: John Gent at the London School of Economics (2016) and Pamfili Antipa at the Paris School of Economics (2018).
- 4.
White (2001), analyzes the full sequence of loans and their consequences for the French economy.
- 5.
White, p. 346. “Table 3. First Reparation Loan 100 m francs.” He notes that the distribution of the later loans is unknown, but the records of Hope & Company provided the placement of the first loan.
- 6.
BA, MS 204229/3, Letter of 6 July 1818 from Comte de Cazeres, “une heure de conversation ferait plus qu’un mois de correspondence et cette conversation pourrait suffire pour aplainer toute les difficultés et lever bien des obstacles.”
- 7.
The papers were purchased by ING Barings in 1996. The papers form part of the papers of Sir Francis Baring’s son Alexander, 1st Lord Ashburton. Alexander kept a number of his business papers at home, and they passed at his death in 1848 to his elder son William Bingham, 2nd Lord Ashburton. He died in 1864 when his widow, Louisa Lady Ashburton, inherited much of his estate at The Grange; and she took with her, along with much else, all the family papers including the business papers of 1st Lord Ashburton. Lady Louisa’s only child, Mary, married in 1884 the 5th Marquess of Northampton and so, at some time, the Ashburton Papers went to Castle Ashby and remained there until 1996 as part of the Northampton Papers. In 1996 the current Lord Northampton placed the papers in auction. ING Barings purchased ‘Box 7’ which contained the French Reparation Loan [204228–204229] papers and a piece relating to a Russian Loan of 1820.
- 8.
Nolte, p. 275. “In No. 24” of the “Deutschen Freihafen,” for 1848. See my article on “Lord Ashburton and the Baring house in London.”
- 9.
BA, MS Item 204229.10, Paris, 2 August 1818, “Letter by AB to Nicholas Vansittart.”
- 10.
Ibid.
- 11.
The “present” being March-October 2023, when the Republican control of the House of Representatives threatened to default on the existing national debt of the United States for the first time in history.
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Neal, L. (2024). Lessons Learned, Applied, and Ignored. In: The Forgotten Financiers of the Louisiana Purchase. Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56277-8_11
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