Abstract
Various anthropogenic activities such as fuel combustion, industrial processes, non-industrial fugitive sources, transportation, construction activities, brick kiln, and biomass burning are the main sources of particulate matter in Bangladesh. Previous research reported that yearly PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations are several times higher than the national standards of Bangladesh. A number of adverse health impacts have been associated with exposure to particulate matter and more than 37,000 Bangladeshi people die every year from diseases related to air pollution. In recent years, the government of Bangladesh has become concerned about controlling aerosol emissions coming from anthropogenic sources. However, only a few studies have been conducted on the variation of aerosol in Bangladesh while manuscripts related to policies controlling particulate matter are very limited with inappropriate implementation.
As a result, the combination of meteorological conditions and local sources results in particulate matter concentrations much higher than the Bangladesh National Ambient Air Quality Standard (BNAAQS). Bangladesh’s government has taken several steps to reduce aerosol emissions by introducing lower sulfur fuel, improving the flexibility of vehicles, and introducing new technology for brick production. Air pollution caused by aerosol particulates not only affects our daily lives but also negatively affects our environment, so we need to come forward together by making efforts personally, socially, and legally. This chapter discusses sources and meteorological factors affecting particulate matter as well as management approaches to mitigate air pollution.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Arnab, I. Z., Ali, T., Shidujaman, M., & Hossain, M. M. (2021). Consideration of environmental effect of power generation: Bangladesh perspective. Energy and Power Engineering, 5(04), 1521.
Asimakopoulos, D. N., Flocas, H. A., Maggos, T., & Vasilakos, C. (2022). The role of meteorology on different sized aerosol fractions (PM10, PM2. 5, PM2. 5-10). Science of the Total Environment, 419, 124.
BEDS. (2020). Echo Village Project in Bangladesh, 2015–2020. Available from: https://www.bedsbd.org/projects/ongoing-projects/1. Accessed on 17.10.2021.
Begum, B. A., & Hopke, P. K. (2018). Ambient air quality in Dhaka Bangladesh over two decades: Impacts of policy on air quality. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 18(7), 1910–1920. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2017.11.0465
Begum, B. A., Hopke, P. K., & Markwitz, A. (2013). Air pollution by fine particulate matter in Bangladesh. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 4(1), 75–86.
Begum, B. A., Saroar, G., Nasiruddin, M., & Biswas, S. K. (2014). Ground-level concentration of ozone in ambient air in Chittagong (Bangladesh) City. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 47(1), 83–88.
Begum, B. A., Hopke, P. A., & Markwitz, A. (2016). An approach for quantitative estimation of long range transport of fine particulate matter entering Bangladesh. Journal of Integrated Science and Technology, 2, 34–38.
Bonasoni, P., Laj, P., Marinoni, A., Sprenger, M., Angelini, F., Arduini, J., et al. (2020). Atmospheric brown clouds in the Himalayas: First two years of continuous observations at the Nepal Climate Observatory-Pyramid (5079 m). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10(15), 7515–7531.
CASE. (2018). Ambient air quality in Bangladesh. Clean air and sustainable environment project. Department of Environment 2018, Agargaon, Dhaka. Available from: http://case.doe.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=9. Accessed on 07.09.2021.
Cox, W. M., & Chu, S. H. (2016). Assessment of interannual ozone variation in urban areas from a climatological perspective. Atmospheric Environment, 30(14), 2615–2625.
Department of Environment. (2018). Ambient air quality of Bangladesh. Clean air and sustainable environment project. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Government of the Peoples’ Republic of Bangladesh.
DOE. (2019a). Sources of air pollution in Bangladesh. Brick kiln & Vehicle emission Scenario. Department of Environment. Agargaon, Dhaka.
DOE. (2019b). Air pollution reduction strategy for Bangladesh, final report, 2012. Department of Environment. Available from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Air-Pollution-Reduction-Strategy-for-Bangladesh/a162734badbb64d530d55708226e4eacb4d12a39
ECR. (1997). Environment Conservation Rules, 1997. Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.
ESMAP. (2019). Bangladesh offers Successful Model of Clean Cooking Program: The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP): The World Bank: Issue −17. Available from:https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/571731573763114047/pdf/Bangladesh-Offers-Model-ofSuccessful-Clean-Cooking-Program.pdf. Accessed on 01.07.2021.
Ferrero, L., Perrone, M. G., Petraccone, S., Sangiorgi, G., Ferrini, B. S., Lo Porto, C., et al. (2010). Vertically resolved particle size distribution within and above the mixing layer over the Milan metropolitan area. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 3915–3932.
Hien, P. D., Bac, V. T., Tham, H. C., Nhan, D. D., & Vinh, L. D. (2022). Influence of meteorological conditions on PM2. 5 and PM2. 5− 10 concentrations during the monsoon season in Hanoi, Vietnam. Atmospheric Environment, 36(21), 3473–3484.
Hoque, M. M., Ashraf, Z., Kabir, H., Sarker, E., & Nasrin, S. (2020). Meteorological influences on seasonal variations of air pollutants (SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM2. 5 and PM10) in the Dhaka megacity. American Journal of Pure and Applied Biosciences, 2(2), 15–23.
Hossen, M. A., & Hoque, A. (2016). Variation of ambient air quality scenario in Chittagong City: A case study of air pollution. Journal of Civil Construction and Environmental Engineering, 3(1), 10.
Hou, X., Zhu, B., Kumar, K. R., & Lu, W. (2019). Inter-annual variability in fine particulate matter pollution over China during 2013–2018: Role of meteorology. Atmospheric Environment, 214, 116842.
Hridoy, A. E. E., Mohiman, M. A., Tusher, S. M. S. H., Nowraj, S. Z. A., & Rahman, M. A. (2021). Impact of meteorological parameters on COVID-19 transmission in Bangladesh: A spatiotemporal approach. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 144, 273–285.
IQAir. (2021). Air quality in Dhaka. Retrieved from https://www.iqair.com/bangladesh/dhaka. 29 May 2021.
Islam, M. M., Afrin, S., Ahmed, T., & Ali, M. A. (2015). Meteorological and seasonal influences in ambient air quality parameters of Dhaka city. Journal of Civil Engineering, 43(1), 67–77.
Islam, N., Toha, T. R., Islam, M. M., & Ahmed, T. (2022). The association between particulate matter concentration and meteorological parameters in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 134(4), 64.
Kayes, I., Shahriar, S. A., Hasan, K., Akhter, M., Kabir, M. M., & Salam, M. A. (2019). The relationships between meteorological parameters and air pollutants in an urban environment. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 5(3), 265–278.
Khan, M. B., Masiol, M., Formenton, G., Di Gilio, A., de Gennaro, G., Agostinelli, C., & Pavoni, B. (2016). Carbonaceous PM2.5 and secondary organic aerosols across the Vento region (NE Italy). Science of the Total Environment, 52, 172–181.
Khandker, S., Mohiuddin, A. S. M., Ahmad, S. A., McGushin, A., & Abelsohn, A. (2022). Air pollution in Bangladesh and its consequences.
Khuda, K. E. (2020). Causes of air pollution in Bangladesh’s capital city and its impacts on public health. Nature, Environment and Pollution Technology, 19, 1483–1490.
Leung, D. M., Tai, A. P., Mickley, L. J., Moch, J. M., van Donkelaar, A., Shen, L., & Martin, R. V. (2018). Synoptic meteorological modes of variability for fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) air quality in major metropolitan regions of China. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 18(9), 6733–6748.
Li, X., Song, H., Zhai, S., Lu, S., Kong, Y., Xia, H., & Zhao, H. (2019). Particulate matter pollution in Chinese cities: Areal-temporal variations and their relationships with meteorological conditions (2015–2017). Environmental Pollution, 246, 11–18.
Macgregor, J., Firoz, R., Uddin, N., Islam, S., & Sattar, M. A. (2016). Green growth diagnostic–Bangladesh. Economic Dialogue on Green Growth.
Nahar, N., Mahiuddin, S., & Hossain, Z. (2021). The severity of environmental pollution in the developing countries and its remedial measures. Earth, 2(1), 124–139.
Pavel, M. R. S., Zaman, S. U., Jeba, F., Islam, M. S., & Salam, A. (2021). Long-term (2003–2019) air quality, climate variables, and human health consequences in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 52, 1–18.
Rahman, M. M., Shuo, W., Zhao, W., Xu, X., Zhang, W., & Arshad, A. (2022). Investigating the relationship between air pollutants and meteorological parameters using satellite data over Bangladesh. Remote Sensing, 14(12), 2757.
Rana, M., & Siddique, M. A. B. (2019). Green banking in Bangladesh: A descriptive analysis. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 21(7), 57–67.
Rana, M. M., Mahmud, M., Khan, M. H., Sivertsen, B., & Sulaiman, N. (2016). Investigating incursion of transboundary pollution into the atmosphere of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Advances in Meteorology, 2016, 1.
Rouf, M. A., Nasiruddin, M., Hossain, A. M. S., & Islam, M. S. (2021). Trend of particulate matter PM 2.5 and PM 10 in Dhaka City. Bangladesh. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 46(3), 389–398.
Sakib, S. N. (2021). Bangladesh: Air pollution engulfs lives, environment. Experts attribute situation to transboundary air pollution, unplanned development and construction works; Anadolu Agency: Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Singh, R. P., & Kaskaoutis, D. G. (2014). Crop residue burning: A threat to South Asian air quality. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 95(37), 333–334.
Trivedi, D. K., Ali, K., & Beig, G. (2018). Impact of meteorological parameters on the development of fine and coarse particulates over Delhi. Science of the Total Environment, 478, 175–183.
UNEPA: Air Quality Policy of Bangladesh. (2021). The table is prepared based on research that UNEP conducted in 2015, in response to Resolution 7 of the UNEPA 1 https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/17093/Bangladesh.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1. Accessed on 06.07.
USEPA. (2018). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/pmcourse/what-particulate-pollution. 10 Oct 2020.
WHO. (2018). Ambient (Outdoor) air pollution. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/newsroom/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health. 9 Oct 2020.
Zhao, X., Zhang, X., Xu, X., Xu, J., Meng, W., & Pu, W. (2020). Seasonal and diurnal variations of ambient PM2. 5 concentration in urban and rural environments in Beijing. Atmospheric Environment, 43(18), 2893–2900.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kanta, A.H., Gautam, S., Khan, M.B. (2024). Atmospheric Particulate Matter in Bangladesh: Sources, Meteorological Factors and Management Approaches. In: Gautam, S., Kumar, R.P., Samuel, C. (eds) Aerosol Optical Depth and Precipitation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55836-8_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55836-8_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-55835-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-55836-8
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)