Skip to main content

Ethical Foundations: Medical Ethics and Data Ethics

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Ethics of Medical AI

Part of the book series: The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology ((ELTE,volume 24))

  • 106 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter outlines basic concepts in medical ethics and data ethics. It aims to provide some kind of orientation regarding the complex issues, approaches, and concepts within these fields. I introduce the epistemic lenses of my conceptual approach to the ethics of MAI. This approach mainly rests on critical theory and critical data studies. I also introduce a framework for my further ethical analysis in Part II. This framework may also serve as a compass for the reader to navigate the following chapters.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agarwal, A. K., & Murinson, B. B. (2012). New dimensions in patient-physician interaction: Values, autonomy, and medical information in the patient-centered clinical encounter. Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal, 3, e0017. https://doi.org/10.5041/RMMJ.10085

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agich, G. J. (2007). Autonomy as a problem for clinical ethics. In Nys, T., Denier, Y. & Vandevelde, T. (eds.). Autonomy & paternalism: Reflections on the theory and practice of health care. Peeters. 5–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahn, S. (2021). Stream your brain! Speculative economy of the IoT and its pan-kinetic dataveillance. Big Data & Society, 8. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211051

  • Anderson, J. (2014). Regimes of autonomy. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 17, 355–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anesi, G. L. (2012). The “decrepit concept” of confidentiality, 30 years later. Virtual Mentor, 14, 708–711.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arrieta Valero, I. (2019). Autonomies in interaction: Dimensions of patient autonomy and non-adherence to treatment. Frontiers in Psychology, 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashcroft, R. E., Dawson, A., Draper, H., & Mcmil, J. R. (Eds.). (2007). Principles of health care ethics. Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azyabi, A., Karwowski, W., Hancock, P., Wan, T. T. H., & Elshennawy, A. (2022). Assessing patient safety culture in United States hospitals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartneck, C., Lütge, C., Wagner, A., & Welsh, S. (2021). What is AI? In Bartneck, C., Lütge, C.,Wagner, A. & Welsh, S. (eds.). An introduction to ethics in robotics and AI. Springer, 5–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51110-4_2

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2019). Principles of biomedical ethics (7th ed.). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beisbart, C., & Räz, T. (2022). Philosophy of science at sea: Clarifying the interpretability of machine learning. Philosophy Compass, 17, e12830.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beltran-Aroca, C. M., Girela-Lopez, E., Collazo-Chao, E., Montero-Pérez-Barquero, M., & Muñoz-Villanueva, M. C. (2016). Confidentiality breaches in clinical practice: What happens in hospitals? BMC Medical Ethics, 17, 52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-016-0136-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-Moshe, N. (2023). The physician as friend to the patient. In Jeske, D. (ed.). The Routledge handbook of philosophy of friendship. Routledge, 93–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berwick, D. M., Shojania, K. G., & Atchinson, B. K. (2015). Free from Harm: Accelerating patient safety improvement fifteen years after to Err is human. National Patient Safety Foundation. Available online at https://www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/Publications/Free-from-Harm-Accelerating-Patient-Safety-Improvement.aspx. Accessed 13 Aug 2023.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boddington, P. (2017). Towards a code of ethics for artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence: Foundations, Theory, and Algorithms. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borza, L. R., Gavrilovici, C., & Stockman, R. (2015). Ethical models of physician-patient relationship revisited with regard to patient autonomy, values and patient education. Revista Medico-Chirurgicală̆ a Societă̆ţ̜ii de Medici ş̧i Naturaliş̧ti din Iaş̧i, 119, 496–501.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braveman, P. A., Kumanyika, S., Fielding, J., Laveist, T., Borrell, L. N., Manderscheid, R., & Troutman, A. (2011). Health disparities and health equity: The issue is justice. American Journal of Public Health, 101(Suppl 1), 149–155. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2010.300062

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braveman, P., Arkin, E. B., Orleans, T., Proctor, D. C., Acker, J., & Plough, A. L. (2019). What is health equity? Behavioral Science & Policy, 4, 1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brody, B. (1988). Moral theory and moral judgments in medical ethics. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Büchi, M., Festic, N., & Latzer, M. (2022). The chilling effects of digital Dataveillance: A theoretical model and an empirical research agenda. Big Data & Society, 9(1), https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211065

  • Chadwick, R. F., & Schüklenk, U. (2020). This is bioethics: An introduction. Wiley Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Challen, R., Denny, J., Pitt, M., Gompels, L., Edwards, T., & Tsaneva-Atanasova, K. (2019). Artificial intelligence, bias and clinical safety. BMJ Quality and Safety, 28(3), 231–237. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2018-008370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charles, C., Gafni, A., & Whelan, T. (1997). Shared decision-making in the medical encounter: What does it mean? (or it takes at least two to tango). Social Science & Medicine, 44, 681–692.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Childress, J. F. (1990). The place of autonomy in bioethics. The Hastings Center Report, 20, 12–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Childress, J. F. (1997). The normative principles of medical ethic. In R. M. Veatch (Ed.), Medical ethics (2nd ed., pp. 29–55). Jones and Bartlett.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coeckelbergh, M. (2020). AI ethics. The MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (2000). Patient autonomy and social fairness. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 9, 391–399. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100903116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalton, C. M., Taylor, L., & Thatcher, J. (2016). Critical data studies: A dialog on data and space. Big Data & Society, 3, 2053951716648346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, N. (2000). Accountability for reasonableness. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 321, 1300–1301. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7272.1300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, N. (2001). Justice, health, and healthcare. The American Journal of Bioethics, 1, 2–16. https://doi.org/10.1162/152651601300168834

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, N. (2007). Just health: Meeting health needs fairly. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels, N., Kennedy, B. P., & Kawachi, I. (1999). Why justice is good for our health: The social determinants of health inequalities. Daedalus, 128, 215–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Degli Espositi, S. (2014). When Big Data meets dataveillance: The hidden side of analytics. Surveillance and Society, 12(2), 209–225. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v12i2.5113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dijck, J. V. (2014). Datafication, dataism and dataveillance: Big data between scientific paradigm and ideology. Surveillance and Society, 12, 197–208. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v12i2.4776

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, M., & Hope, T. (2018). Medical ethics. A very short introduction (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Durán, J. M., & Formanek, N. (2018). Grounds for trust: Essential epistemic opacity and computational reliabilism. Minds and Machines, 28, 645–666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emanuel, E. J., & Emanuel, L. L. (1992). Four models of the physician-patient relationship. JAMA, 267, 2221–2226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engel, G. L. (1977). The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science, 196, 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.847460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Entwistle, V. A., Carter, S. M., Cribb, A., & Mccaffery, K. (2010). Supporting patient autonomy: The importance of clinician-patient relationships. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 25, 741–745.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Floridi, L. (2013). Distributed morality in an information society. Science and Engineering Ethics, 19(727), 743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Floridi, L., & Sanders, J. W. (2004). On the morality of artificial agents. Minds and Machines, 14, 349–379. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MIND.0000035461.63578.9d

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flott, K., Durkin, M., & Darzi, A. (2018). The Tokyo declaration on patient safety. BMJ, 362, k3424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flott, K., Maguire, J., & Phillips, N. (2021). Digital safety: The next frontier for patient safety. Future Healthcare Journal, 8, e598–e601. https://doi.org/10.7861/fhj.2021-0152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frankena, W. (1973). Ethics. Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frosch, D. L., & Kaplan, R. M. (1999). Shared decision making in clinical medicine: Past research and future directions. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 17, 285–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, C., & Chandler, D. (2019). Introduction. In C. Fuchs & D. Chandler (Eds.), Digital objects, digital subjects: Interdisciplinary perspectives on capitalism, labour and politics in the age of Big Data (pp. 1–20). University of Westminster Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilson, L. (2003). Trust and the development of health care as a social institution. Social Science & Medicine, 56(7), 1453–1468. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00142-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gitelman, L., & Jackson, V. (2013). Introduction. In L. Gitelman (Ed.), ‘Raw Data’ is an Oxymoron (pp. 1–14). MIT Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Glannon, W. (2005). Biomedical ethics. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gogoshin, D. L. (2021). Robot responsibility and moral community. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2021.768092

  • Goold, S. D. (2002). Trust, distrust and trustworthiness. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 17, 79–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grote, T., & Keeling, G. (2022). Enabling fairness in healthcare through machine learning. Ethics and Information Technology, 24, 39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-022-09658-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guidi, C., & Traversa, C. (2021). Empathy in patient care: From ‘Clinical Empathy’ to ‘Empathic Concern’. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 24(4), 573–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-021-10033-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunkel, D. J. (2012). The machine question: Critical perspectives on ai, robots and ethics. MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gunkel, D. J. (2020). Mind the gap: Responsible robotics and the problem of responsibility. Ethics and Information Technology, 22, 307–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, M. A., Dugan, E., Zheng, B., & Mishra, A. K. (2001). Trust in Physicians and Medical Institutions: What is it, can it be measured, and does it matter? The Milbank Quarterly, 79, 613–639. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.00223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, M. A., Camacho, F., Dugan, E., & Balkrishnan, R. (2002). Trust in the Medical Profession: Conceptual and measurement issues. Health Services Research, 37, 1419–1439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, J. (2003). What is clinical empathy? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 18(8), 670–674. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003.21017.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasselbach, G. (2021). Data ethics of power: A human approach in the Big Data and AI Era. Edward Elgar Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hendren, E. M., & Kumagai, A. K. (2019). A matter of trust. Academic Medicine, 94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hildt, E. (2019). Artificial intelligence: Does consciousness matter? Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1535. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmaster, B. (1994). The forms and limits of medical ethics. Social Science & Medicine, 39, 1155–1164. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)90348-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hojat, M., Gonnella, J. S., Nasca, T. J., Mangione, S., Vergare, M., & Magee, M. (2002). Physician empathy: Definition, components, measurement, and relationship to gender and specialty. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(9), 1563–1569. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1563

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hojat, M., Maio, V., Pohl, C. A., & Gonnella, J. S. (2023). Clinical empathy: Definition, measurement, correlates, group differences, erosion, enhancement, and healthcare outcomes. Discovery Healthcare Systems, 2, 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44250-023-00020-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hong, S. H. (2020). Technologies of Speculation. The limits of knowledge in a data-driven society. NYU Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys, P. (2009). The philosophical novelty of computer simulation methods. Synthese, 169, 615–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iliadis, A., & Russo, F. (2016). Critical data studies: An introduction. Big Data & Society, 3, 2053951716674238. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716674238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, Kohn, L. T., Corrigan, J. M., & Donaldson, M. S. (eds.). (2000). To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System. National Academies Press (US).

    Google Scholar 

  • Iott, B. E., Campos-Castillo, C., & Anthony, D. L. (2019). Trust and privacy: How patient Trust in Providers is related to privacy behaviors and attitudes. American Medical Informatics Association Annual Symposium Proceedings, 2019, 487–493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jecker, N. S., Atuire, C. A., & Bull, S. J. (2022). Towards a new model of global health justice: The case of COVID-19 vaccines. Journal of Medical Ethics, medethics-2022-108165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. G. (1994). Computer ethics. Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. G., & Miller, K. W. (2008). Un-making artificial moral agents. Ethics and Information Technology, 10, 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-008-9174-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, G. E., & Demarco, J. P. (2016). Bioethics in context: Moral, legal, and social perspectives. Broadview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonsen, A. R., & Toulmin, S. (1988). The abuse of casuistry: A history of moral reasoning. University of California Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jonsen, A. R., Siegler, M., & Winslade, W. J. (Eds.). (2022). Clinical ethics: A practical approach to ethical decisions in clinical medicine (9th ed.). McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaba, R., & Sooriakumaran, P. (2007). The evolution of the doctor-patient relationship. International Journal of Surgery, 5, 57–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kant, I. (2015). Critique of practical reason (Introduction by Reath, A. Trans.: Gregor, M.) (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kant, I. (2017). The metaphysics of morals (Denis, L. (ed.). Trans.: Gregor, M.) (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitchin, R. (2014a). Big data, new epistemologies and paradigm shifts. Big Data & Society, 1, https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951714528481

  • Kitchin, R. (2014b). The data revolution: Big data, open data. Data Infrastructures & Their Consequences. SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koops, B. J., Clayton Newell, B., Timan, T., Škorvánek, I., Chokrevski, T., & Galiča, M. (2017). Typology of Privacy. University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law, 38(2), 483–575.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kordzadeh, N., & Ghasemaghaei, M. (2022). Algorithmic bias: Review, synthesis, and future research directions. European Journal of Information Systems, 31, 388–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kottow, M. H. (1986). Medical confidentiality: An intransigent and absolute obligation. Journal of Medical Ethics, 12, 117–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T. (2012). The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lampert, B., Unterrainer, C., & Seubert, C. (2019). Exhausted through client interaction—Detached concern profiles as an emotional resource over time? PLoS One, 14(5), e0216031. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, B. (2021). In AI we trust? Effects of agency locus and transparency on uncertainty reduction in human–AI interaction. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 26, 384–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macintyre, A. (2007). After virtue: A study in moral theory (3rd ed.). University of Notre Dame Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackenzie, C. (2021). Relational autonomy. In Hall, K.Q. & Ásta (eds.), The Oxford handbook of feminist philosophy. Oxford University Press, 374–384. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190628925.013.29

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Margulis, S. T. (2011). Three theories of privacy: An overview. In Trepte, S. & Reinecke, L. (eds.). Privacy online: Perspectives on privacy and self-disclosure in the social web. Springer, 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21521-6_2

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Marmot, M., & Allen, J. J. (2014). Social determinants of health equity. American Journal of Public Health, 104, S517–S519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martens, D. (2022). Data science ethics. Concepts, techniques, and cautionary tales. Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer-Schönberger, V., & Cukier, K. (2013). Big Data: A revolution that will transform how we live, work, and think. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mccullough, L. B., Coverdale, J. H., & Chervenak, F. A. (2020). Trustworthiness and professionalism in academic medicine. Academic Medicine, 95. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003248

  • Mead, N., & Bower, P. (2000). Patient-centredness: A conceptual framework and review of the empirical literature. Social Science & Medicine, 51, 1087–1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00098-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mechanic, D. (1998). The functions and limitations of trust in the provision of medical care. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 23, 661–668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, D. T. (2005). Decentralizing autonomy: Five faces of selfhood. In Anderson, J. & Christman, J. (eds.). Autonomy and the challenges to liberalism: New essays. Cambridge University Press, 27–55. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610325.004

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, S., Potash, E., Barocas, S., D’amour, A., & Lum, K. (2021). Algorithmic fairness: Choices, assumptions, and definitions. Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application, 8, 141–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mittelstadt, B. D., & Floridi, L. (2016). The ethics of big data: Current and foreseeable issues in biomedical contexts. Science and Engineering Ethics, 22, 303–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mittelstadt, B. D., Allo, P., Taddeo, M., Wachter, S., & Floridi, L. (2016). The ethics of algorithms: Mapping the debate. Big Data & Society, 3, https://doi.org/10.1177/205395171667967

  • Moor, J. H. (1997). Towards a theory of privacy in the information age. ACM Sigcas Computers and Society, 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morley, J., Machado, C. C. V., Burr, C., Cowls, J., Joshi, I., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2020). The ethics of AI in health care: A mapping review. Social Science & Medicine, 260, 113172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mosco, V. (2014). To the cloud: Big Data in a turbulent world. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagel, E. (1961). The structure of science: Problems in the logic of scientific explanation, New York, NY, Harcourt. Brace & World, 716, 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickel, P. J. (2019). The ethics of uncertainty for data subjects. In Krutzinna, J. & Floridi, L. (eds.). The ethics of medical data donation. Springer, 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04363-6_4

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Nunes, R., & Rego, G. (2014). Priority setting in health care: A complementary approach. Health care analysis: HCA: Journal of Health Philosophy and Policy, 22, 292–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10728-013-0243-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, J., & Chantler, C. (2003). Confidentiality and the duties of care. Journal of Medical Ethics, 29, 36–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, O. (2002). Autonomy and trust in bioethics. Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pickering, J. B., Engen, V., & Walland, P. (2017). The interplay between human and machine agency. In Kurosu, M. (ed.). Human-computer interaction. User interface design, development and multimodality. Springer, 47–59.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Potter, V. R. (1988). Global bioethics. Michigan State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rachels, J. (1975). Why privacy is important. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 4, 323–333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raley, R. (2013). Dataveillance and countervailance. In L. Gitelman (Ed.), ‘Raw Data’ is an Oxymoron (pp. 121–145). MIT Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, W. T. (1994). The word “Bioethics”: Its birth and the legacies of those who shaped it. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 4(4), 319–335. https://doi.org/10.1353/ken.0.0126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, N. M., & King, J. (2014). Big Data ethics. Wake Forest Law Review. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2384174. Accessed 1 Mar 2023.

  • Richterich, A. (2018). The Big Data Agenda. Data ethics and critical data studies. University of Westminster Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Roache, R. (2018). Psychiatry’s problem with reductionism. Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology, 26, 219–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roessler, B. (2004). The value of privacy. Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roessler, B. (2018). Three dimensions of privacy. In Van Der Sloot, B. & De Groot, A. (eds.). The handbook of privacy studies. An interdisciplinary introduction. Amsterdam University Press, 137–142.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ruger, J. P. (2004). Health and social justice. Lancet, 364, 1075–1080. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17064-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruger, J. P. (2020). Social justice as a foundation for democracy and health. BMJ, 371, m4049.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruger, J. P., & Horton, R. (2020). Justice and health: The lancet-health equity and policy lab commission. Lancet, 395, 1680–1681.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russo, F., Schliesser, E., & Wagemans, J. (2023). Connecting ethics and epistemology of AI. AI & Society, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-022-01617-6

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Samek, W., & Müller, K.-R. (2019). Towards explainable artificial intelligence. In Samek, W., Montavon, G., Vedaldi, A., Hansen, L.K. & Müller, K.R. (eds.). Explainable AI: Interpreting, explaining and visualizing deep learning. Springer, 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28954-6_1

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sammer, C. E., Lykens, K., Singh, K. P., Mains, D. A., & Lackan, N. A. (2010). What is patient safety culture? A review of the literature. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 42, 156–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar, S. (1992). Models of reduction and categories of reductionism. Synthese, 91, 167–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00413566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Searle, J. (1980). Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(3), 417–424. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00005756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Secker, B. (1999). The appearance of Kant’s deontology in contemporary Kantianism: Concepts of patient autonomy in bioethics. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 24, 43–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. (2002). Why health equity? Health Economics, 11, 659–666. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.762

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, T., & Arunima. (2021). Management of civil liberties during pandemic. Indian Journal of Public Administration, 67, 440–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siegler, M. (1982). Sounding boards. Confidentiality in medicine – A decrepit concept. The New England Journal of Medicine, 307, 1518–1521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siegler, M., Pellegrino, E. D., & Singer, P. A. (1990). Clinical medical ethics. Journal of Clinical Ethics, 1(1), 5–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl, B. C. (2021). Artificial intelligence for a better future. An ecosystem perspective on the ethics of AI and emerging digital technologies (Springer Briefs in Research and Innovation Governance). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69978-9

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Starke, G., Van Den Brule, R., Elger, B. S., & Haselager, P. (2022). Intentional machines: A defence of trust in medical artificial intelligence. Bioethics, 36, 154–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sugarman, J., & Sulmasy, D. P. (Eds.). (2010). Methods in medical ethics. Georgetown University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tegegne, M. D., Melaku, M. S., Shimie, A. W., et al. (2022). Health professionals’ knowledge and attitude towards patient confidentiality and associated factors in a resource-limited setting: A cross-sectional study. BMC Medical Ethics, 23, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-022-00765-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, A., Kuper, A., Chin-Yee, B., & Park, M. (2020). What is “shared” in shared decision-making? Philosophical perspectives, epistemic justice, and implications for health professions education. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 26, 409–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, I. E. (1979). The nature of confidentiality. Journal of Medical Ethics, 5, 57–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tigard, D. W. (2021). Artificial moral responsibility: How we can and cannot hold machines responsible. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 30, 435–447. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0963180120000985

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, C. (2019). Privacy, algorithms, and artificial intelligence. In A. Agrawal, J. Gans, & A. Goldfarb (Eds.), The economics of artificial intelligence: An agenda (pp. 423–438). University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/9780226613475-019

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Van Der Horst, D. E. M., Garvelink, M. M., Bos, W. J. W., Stiggelbout, A. M., & Pieterse, A. H. (2023). For which decisions is shared decision making considered appropriate? – A systematic review. Patient Education and Counseling, 106, 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2022.09.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Riel, R. (2014). Conceptions of reduction in the philosophy of science. In Van Riel, R. (ed.). The concept of reduction. Springer, 153–183.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughn, L. (2022). Bioethics. Principles, issues, and cases (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veatch, R. M. (1997). Medical ethics (2nd ed.). Jones and Bartlett.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter, J. K., & Ross, L. F. (2014). Relational autonomy: Moving beyond the limits of isolated individualism. Pediatrics, 133(Suppl 1), 16–23. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-3608D

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitley, E. A. (2009). Informational privacy, consent and the “control” of personal data. Information Security Technical Report, 14, 154–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfensberger, M., & Wrigley, A. (2019). Instrumental utility of trust. In Wrigley, A. & Wolfensberger, M. (eds.). Trust in Medicine: Its nature, justification, significance, and decline. Cambridge University Press, 145–161.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Zuber, N., Kacianka, S., & Gogoll, J. (2022). Big data ethics, machine ethics or information ethics? Navigating the maze of applied ethics in IT. ArXiv, abs/2203.13494.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwitter, A. (2014). Big data ethics. Big Data & Society, 1, 2053951714559253. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951714559253

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Rubeis, G. (2024). Ethical Foundations: Medical Ethics and Data Ethics. In: Ethics of Medical AI. The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology, vol 24. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55744-6_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics