Abstract
Network timing (hereinafter shortly referred as SyncNet) is a network method of slip overcoming which is based on the maintaining high accuracy and stability in the network. Essentially, it is a forced method of maintaining a roughly equal mean frequency with a limited phase offset (Biriukov, Triska, Advances in information and communication technologies. Processing and control in information and communication systems. Springer, New York, 2019). SyncNet is widely used both in legacy TDM-based networks and in modern packet-based networks. The presented guidelines, examples, and case studies are mainly based on the “classic” SyncNet solutions designed for legacy TDM-based networks. Being well standardized and worked out in practice, these solutions do not lose relevance today, serving as a basis for developing timing solutions for new-generation packet networks.
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Notes
- 1.
Precise Time Protocol (PTP) basics are presented in Chap. 5.
- 2.
The clock hierarchy used in 2048 and 1544 kbit/s-based networks are similar differing only in some accuracy/stability parameters values. Therefore, all examples and exercises given here for 2048 kbit/s-based networks are also applicable for 1544 kbit/s-based networks.
- 3.
The term “maser” is an abbreviation for microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
- 4.
The recommended rank values may be revised subject to (N − 2) criteria should be provided.
- 5.
If a matrix has non-integer elements (with dots), then matrix transfer from Excel to Mathlab should be made manually.
- 6.
If equipment does not have external timing interfaces, it can be synchronized by traffic interfaces, but such solution is not recommended, especially in the case of PDH tributary signals in SDH equipment.
- 7.
In SyncE equipment, in addition to traditional SSM codes (Table 4.5), the enhanced SSM codes are provided. The information about enhanced SSM using can be found in ITU-T Recommendation G.8264/Y.1364.
References
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Biriukov, N., Triska, N. (2024). Network Timing. In: Sync Problems Collection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55428-5_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55428-5_4
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