Abstract
This chapter describes how the basic timing concepts and models introduced in Chap. 1 are used to solve timing problems in real-world telecom systems.
We will consider:
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Slip frequency and period estimation in digital switching centers (SC) connection (Sect. 2.1).
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Synchronous and asynchronous multiplexing in PDH/SDH transmission system, including bit staffing, pointer justification, etc. (Sect. 2.2).
“Two generators problem” (GGP) cause slips (controlled or uncontrolled) in digital equipment/connections. The slip mechanism is discussed in Chap. 1 (Examples 1.12, 1.13, 1.14 and 1.15 and Exercises 1.19, 1.20 and 1.21). This chapter deals with controlled slip means only.
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Notes
- 1.
Quantile is showing that a given random variable does not exceed the given value with a fixed probability.
- 2.
It shows that a given random variable does exceed the given value with a fixed probability.
- 3.
Justification rate (stuffing rate)—the rate at which justifying digits are inserted or at which information digits are transmitted by other means [G.701].
- 4.
ρnom is the justification rate that occurs when the digit rates of both the original signal and the justified signal are at their nominal values [G.701].
- 5.
In the E22 frame, every E12 is allocated n = 206 bits (Table A.3).
- 6.
The nominal half EM capacity is one UI.
- 7.
The detailed information about SDH multiplexing principles, frame structure, and frequency justification by pointers can be found in ITU-T Recommendation G.707/Y.1322.
- 8.
This phase offset is partially compensated by special correction circuits in SDH equipment.
References
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Biriukov, N., Triska, N. (2024). Telecom Systems Timing. In: Sync Problems Collection. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55428-5_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55428-5_2
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