Abstract
As an island nation in the North Atlantic, Ireland’s relative proximity to the Arctic raises the question of whether Ireland can be categorized as an Arctic-adjacent state. In support of this claim, this chapter argues that Irish links to Arctic and Northern areas are underexplored but go back millennia, defining Ireland’s identity in the North and can be utilized towards promoting Ireland’s cultural diplomacy activities with Nordic states. Ireland’s growing interest in the Arctic region can be witnessed through its application for Arctic Council Observer status in December 2020 and the release of Ireland’s Nordic Strategy in June 2021 as part of its Global Ireland foreign policy. This chapter outlines the importance of the creation of the Network of Arctic Researchers Ireland (NARI) in February 2020 as a means for cross-disciplinary Arctic researchers to collaborate and develop new networking opportunities. The authors of this chapter were instrumental in developing the NARI Humanities and Social Science (HSS) Working Group and have organized it into three key research areas, which have a pivotal role in shaping future research outcomes in this multidisciplinary field. The NARI is an important means through which Irish HSS research with Arctic or Northern foci can be highlighted and existing research studies across multiple academic disciplines, including library and information science (LIS), and fields within HSS can be reorganized through the lens of Arctic and Northern studies to produce a more effective way of sharing resources and data while encouraging cross-disciplinary collaboration. This chapter focuses on the development of the Irish Impact project as a mapping exercise within the NARI HSS Working Group that seeks to demonstrate Ireland’s historical, cultural, social, and political ties to the North Atlantic and Arctic regions. Indeed, the Irish Government has outlined the importance of shared cultural heritage in its Strategy and this chapter discusses Ireland’s historical connections to the North and Arctic through two significant eras: (1) the migration of Irish missionaries to Scandinavia in the early Christian era from the fifth through twelfth centuries, with a focus on Norway, the Faroe Islands, and Iceland; and (2) Ireland’s strong Viking heritage because of successive waves of Nordic invasions during the Middle Ages. The Irish Government is already using these two historical themes for cultural engagement and to foster greater diplomatic ties with Nordic countries. However, to further the policy objectives of Ireland’s Nordic Strategy, LIS systems must be further developed, and new research supports installed. The chapter concludes by outlining the importance of creating digital LIS systems towards the emergence of a visible and robust Irish Arctic and Northern studies university program that could meaningfully contribute to current discourse in the field. To further this objective, two projects are proposed: (1) the creation of an Irish Arctic digital library; and (2) the creation of an Irish university consortium for Arctic and Northern studies in HSS with a supporting university database listing Irish and Nordic partner universities involved in HSS research for Arctic and Northern Studies.
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Notes
- 1.
The political division of Ireland came into force on 3 May 1921 under the Government of Ireland Act 1920. Located in the northeast of the island, Northern Ireland is divided into six counties: Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry (Derry), and Tyrone. These six counties were areas that had undergone historical plantation of settlers from England and Scotland. With a predominant Protestant population who proclaimed loyalty to the Union with Great Britain, this led to oppression and violence breaking out between the Protestant majority and the Catholic minority, many of whom were nationalists seeking a reunited Ireland.
- 2.
The same can also be applied to the other subjects identified by the NARI HSS Working Group. Although in this chapter we focus primarily on those linkages with the Nordic region to coincide with Ireland’s Nordic Strategy, we similarly acknowledge that the Irish Canadian and Irish American diaspora to northern regions have produced a rich profusion of historical literature in the social sciences that we hope will be engaged with by others at a later date.
- 3.
Where NARI’s HSS Working Group is concerned, contributions and project ideas will likely in the future be aimed towards two of the six AC working groups: Sustainable Development Working Group and Emergency Preparedness, Prevention, and Response Working Group.
- 4.
NARI members elected to committees serve in the following positions: President, Vice-President, and Chair, one for each of the three working groups.
- 5.
The NARI project list is available at https://www.nari.ie/arctic-projects.
- 6.
- 7.
The NISN appears to remain partially active via its Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/277449259523/.
- 8.
It is beyond the scope of this paper to provide an in-depth discussion for all three research foci of the HSS Working Group, given that they cover such a broad range of themes. Also, because the HSS Working Group is still in its infancy, further involvement by NARI researchers specializing in key areas is required and we hope that this will take place over time.
- 9.
Papers explored the historical, archaeological, and literary connections between Ireland and western Scandinavia in the Viking Age.
- 10.
Both the Faroese and Icelandic word for puffin is lundi, while the Danish and Norwegian word is lunde.
- 11.
For a study on the Hebrides, see Chapter 3: “Pabbays and Paibles: Pap-Names and Gaelic and Old Norse Speakers in Scotland’s Hebridean Islands” in Ahronson (2015).
- 12.
Because of the popularity of this manuscript, many copies were created from the tenth to thirteenth centuries. According to the Collaborative Online Database and E-Resources for Celtic Studies (CODECS), over 140 copies of this text exist on the European continent (see https://codecs.vanhamel.nl/Navigatio_sancti_Brendani). Of these, there are five copies located within Irish university and ecclesiastical libraries.
- 13.
It is believed that Skuldelev 2 was intentionally sunk along with four other smaller Viking boats as part of a defensive barrier constructed to restrict access to Roskilde, the royal seat of Denmark at the time (MacGowan, 2015).
- 14.
The name of the replica ship attests to the Skaldelev 2’s Irish origins as Glendalough is the site of a large, early Christian monastery in Co. Wicklow that was raided by the Vikings in 836 AD.
- 15.
Although the Wexford Viking Fire Festival appears to have been a one-off event rather than an annual festival, the popularity of the Vikings in Ireland has meant that other towns also launched Viking festivals. For example, Strangford in Northern Ireland held its first Viking festival in March 2022: https://www.tourismni.com/news/strangford-lough-viking-festival/.
- 16.
The conservation management plan for the Woodstown Viking site was commissioned by the Waterford City and County Council and funded through the Heritage Council’s Heritage Plan Fund 2019 and 2020. The steering committee for the site included representatives from the Norwegian Embassy to Ireland, in addition to local and national stakeholders (Abarta Heritage, 2021).
- 17.
The Irish Ambassador for Norway (Keith Mc Bean, as of this writing) has a secondary accreditation as the Ambassador for Iceland. An honorary consulate (a position held by an Icelander) serves as a point of contact at the consular office in Reykjavik. See https://www.dfa.ie/embassies/irish-embassies-abroad/europe/iceland/.
- 18.
As shown on the Government of Iceland’s webpage: https://www.government.is/diplomatic-missions/country/?itemid=3a7b5d51-f204-11e7-9423-005056bc530c.
- 19.
- 20.
Podcasts are available at https://cca.ucd.ie/icelandic-sovereignty-century-ria/.
- 21.
For example, the DRI coordinated projects such as Inspiring Ireland (https://www.inspiring-ireland.ie/), an ongoing initiative funded by the Irish Government’s Department of Arts, Heritage, and the Gaeltacht. The pilot phase of the project was launched in 2014 with a collection of objects from eight of Ireland’s national cultural institutions. These collections were organized into three broad but fundamental themes: sense of place, sense of identity, and sense of freedom, with the aim of providing a window into Ireland’s rich social and cultural heritage. The second phase of the project, Inspiring Ireland 1916, focused on developing a series of exhibitions to mark the centenary of the 1916 Rising, a monumental event in Irish history that is viewed as the catalyst for Irish political independence from Great Britain.
- 22.
Ireland was also successful in having three elements of living heritage inscribed on UNESCO’s Lists of Intangible Cultural Heritage (https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists): Uilleann piping in 2017, Hurling in 2018, and Irish harping in 2019.
- 23.
Based within the Celtic Studies section in the Department of English at Uppsala University in Sweden, this symposium was created in 1990 by Irish Professor Ailbhe Ó Corráin, together with colleagues from Oslo and Helsinki, during the time that she was the Docent in Celtic Languages at Uppsala University. However, the Celtic Section can trace its Irish connections as far back as 1950, when Irishman James Carney founded the Celtic Section as a visiting professor from the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies and was appointed Visiting Professor in Irish Studies. The Celtic Section proclaims that it is “the only one of its kind in Scandinavia and is solely dedicated to the study of Celtic languages and literature from the earliest times to the modern day” (Uppsala University, n.d., para. 1).
- 24.
There are six Irish higher educational institutions offering courses in Celtic and Irish. The four universities in the Republic are University College Dublin, University College Cork, Trinity College Dublin, and the National University of Ireland Galway. However, there also exists the School of Celtic Studies within the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, a research institute that employs academic staff and post-doctoral scholars. The two universities in Northern Ireland that offer Celtic Studies programs are Queen’s University Belfast and Ulster University.
- 25.
The Scandinavian studies part of this MA degree includes classes on the languages, history, politics, and cultures of Scandinavian countries and their impact beyond the Nordic region.
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Milne, S., Slotten, C. (2024). The Irish Impact: Charting a Course for the Development of Historical Arctic and Northern Studies on the Island of Ireland. In: Acadia, S. (eds) Library and Information Sciences in Arctic and Northern Studies. Springer Polar Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54715-7_14
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