Conclusion

Abstract

In this chapter, I investigate two potential game-changers in cyberspace dynamics. First, I consider how technological development affects cyberspace deterrence by using Artificial Intelligence (AI) as an example to illustrate some of the major challenges that emerge, for both authoritarian and democratic states. Second, I examine one of the financial technologies that are most relevant to hacking—virtual currencies—to show how the blockchain technology has complicated the effort of democratic states to deal with groups that use them often, including ransomware groups. Finally, I offer a set of policy implications for democratic states.