Neuron World

Abstract

Amazing neuron world members!

Neurons are a group of brain cells. He is a superstar of all cells, which has a special ability. Various enzymes and mitochondria are moving and working secretly inside neurons. Each has a special ability and plays an important role. In addition, various types of glia are doing their jobs lively and faithfully to the missions to support neurons. Characters with unique features both inside and outside neurons are working together to form a wonderful world, whose capacity is far beyond computer systems. These neurons and glia are working crowded together inside your brain when you are reading this book now. This wonderful world can be called a “Neuron World” and each inhabitant will be introduced here in this chapter. Let’s start slowly on the topics of glia (supporters) which are surrounding neurons.

Appendices

Attention 1.1!

Do you know that Mr. Oligodendrocyte upregulates motor skills? When a child develops motor skills by recombination of the neuronal circuits, an adult may find this difficult. However, even an adult can become a more skillful soccer player or learn a refined technique of table tennis by hard training. This is because Mr. Oligodendrocytes can remodel neuronal circuits. Although Mr. Oligodendrocyte increases the thickness and length of the sheath that wraps the neuronal axon, an action potential can be more rapidly communicated between neurons (Fig. 1.16). In addition, Mr. Oligodendrocyte himself produces cholesterol as a building block from acetyl-CoA. They use a lot of fat and sugar that I like, too, although I am a little concerned about this because it reduces my share of them. Well, who am I? I have been in cells for 2 billion years. I produce ATP, an energy substrate. I am a reliable fairy!

Fig. 1.16

Essential roles of oligodendrocytes for acquisition of motor skill [10]

Attention 1.2!

Today, I will talk about Betz giant pyramidal neurons, a big name among the big names of my relatives. If my Aunt Betz is taken below the Tokyo Station and expanded to human size, her axons could easily cross over the summit of Mt Fuji and reach Osaka Castle—they are that long! She is a superstar among our relatives. We are called “neurons.” We are small and numerous. By using the neuronal network, we send more and more information. Isn’t it amazing?

Attention 1.3!

Nice to meet you for the first time.

Today’s topic is the influence of the rise and fall of blood glucose. When glucose increases after carbohydrate ingestion, insulin rapidly increases. Then, blood glucose decreases rapidly in response to an insulin spike. Please take care that blood glucose does not decrease too much. Please watch your blood glucose levels by having coffee or tea without sugar when you enjoy a sweet cake. I am a person who takes care of neurons when they are damaged. I always take care of neurons. I am with neurons as well as astrocytes.

Attention 1.4!

Today’s topic is the MCT, the monocarboxylic acid transporter. Essentially, the MCT provides a path through the membrane just for carboxylic acid. When glucose is divided into two lactate molecules, lactate can pass through the MCT. Later, someone will give a detailed explanation of carboxylic acid. I am too busy to do it today. Goodbye! I will see you again. I am the largest cell in humans, extending from the brain to the legs and involved in motor function.