Vocabulary in context

KEYS TO EXERCISES

10.1

CURRENTLY most of us catch between two and four colds a year, and young children catch up to 12! Although colds are mild illnesses, they have a big impact on our lives. Millions of school and work days are lost each year due to colds. It is not ADVISABLE go to work or university when you have a cold, your attention span will be much lower. Not ALL colds are caused by one common virus. ACTUALLY there are five different viral families, encompassing a few hundred unique viral strains among them. Being cold does not make us cold. In ACTUAL fact, trying to stay warm can contribute to making us sick, as we are ALL exposed to more cold germs in the enclosed space of a home. That means researchers will have to find a cure for every family and strain if the public is to feel COMFORTABLE about buying the cure. So curing the common cold is a matter of economics and marketing, not just scientific genius. CURRENTLY the average cost of developing a new drug in a CONVENIENT form, such as a pill, and bringing it to market is around five hundred million dollars. CURRENTLY, there is no cure for the common cold, and it is advisable to focus on prevention rather than treatment. Nowadays, it is ADVISABLE to practice good hygiene, such as washing your hands regularly and avoiding close contact with others who are sick. Essentially, EVERYTHING depends on prevention as the key way to avoid the common cold and its impact on our daily lives.

10.2

The philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer believed that a UNIQUE trait that can ONLY be found in human nature was wickedness. The cruelty of one animal to another is the product of incomprehensible indifference, not deliberate choice, whereas in humans Schopenhauer sometimes found it to be a chosen purpose. Thus, public executions always attracted crowds - not, of course, for the moral lesson they are APPARENTLY supposed to impart, but for the satisfaction of seeing deliberately imposed suffering. Tales of violence are ALMOST NEARLY always guaranteed to have a wide audience, because the fascination with the suffering of others is limitless. This impulse to cruelty is, in the strictest sense, an original sin, which advanced culture strives to combat, but which it HARDLY ever manages to supplant. Children SEEMINGLY sense wickedness long before they have any capacity for compassion, reveling in the misery, stupidity, or deformity of others, and testing and tormenting everything within their reach. HARDLY ever does it occur to them to act differently, because the impulse to harm is so strong. The wickedness of the young is not the result of an act of will, but is rather a by-product of their UNIQUE and still developing state. The impulse to do harm is not the SOLE domain of children, however. Adults also have their share of wickedness, and the impulse to harm can take many forms. ALTERNATIVELY, it can manifest as a desire to help or protect, but the impulse to do harm is ALWAYS lurking in the background, ready to surface at any moment.

10.3

A CLASSIC attempt to deliberately keep knowledge of a fact given to individuals to see if they could CONSISTENTLY guess the target correctly is the work carried out by Rhine and his associates at Duke University. They conducted some tests under laboratory conditions, in which the chances of not knowing by pure coincidence could be SUITABLY calculated. This work began in the early 1930s when Rhine first used the term extrasensory perception, or ESP, to describe this process and began a long series of CHARACTERISTIC / TYPICAL tests on card guessing. Rhine used the CLASSIC Zener pack, which consists of twenty-five cards bearing five symbols: square, circle, cross, star, and wavy lines. In any test, the right odds score is five out of twenty-five, but in a variety of test situations with a/an APPROPRIATE number of subjects, Rhine found that scores were often so high that they had odds more than a million to one against chance. On one occasion, a nine-year-old girl from an unhappy family was brought to Duke’s lab; she managed to CONSISTENTLY guess all twenty-five cards whenever she was shown them.

10.4

In addition to the COMMONLY recognized senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste, human beings are known to have an additional one, called proprioception. This sense is LINKED / RELATED to our sense of balance, and helps us maintain our posture and move in a coordinated and CONTINUOUS manner (i.e. with no interruptions). The fact that certain individuals possess ‘extra’ senses is barely COMPREHENSIBLE to the average person. For instance, some people are STRONGLY aware of the direction of north, like migratory birds, and are SIMULTANEOUSLY also aware of time and never need to wear a watch. Others have a sense of being watched or monitored, with a CORRESPONDING sense of the presence of massive objects, even when blindfolded.

10.5

The SelPhi sect has a philosophy based on the belief that people are selfish by nature and often violent towards EACH OTHER / ONE ANOTHER. The sect encourages its members to explore VARIOUS forms of hedonistic activities that satisfy their needs. EACH member has their own unique interpretation of the sect’s philosophy, and they often have DIFFERENT reasons for joining. SEVERAL members of the church have formed close relationships with EACH OTHER based on their shared beliefs, while others keep to THEMSELVES. EVERY member of the church is free to express THEMSELVES in whatever way they choose, as long as they do not harm EACH OTHER.

10.6

It sometimes happens that a newcomer is shocked by the large number of beggars and children and their disastrous FINANCIAL situation, which reflects the wider ECONOMIC difficulties of the country. Such newcomers become revolted by the cynicism of their own fellow citizens: “Don’t pay attention to the poverty! You’ll see: you will get used to it SOON”). They cannot accept colonization on the grounds of exploiting the local people to manufacture LOW COST products. Their concern is that they may not have ENOUGH / SUFFICIENT knowledge about details that are important in the context of colonization. With A FEW reservations, they are willing to try to make a difference, even if it means they have LITTLE support from their peers.

10.7

FOR centuries many people have wondered if they are totally masculine or feminine, and most people would probably agree that they contain both elements, IRRESPECTIVELY of their biological sex. SINCE I turned 13, the term “woman” has always seemed uncomfortable and restrictive for me. In fact, FOR many years, I took the term “girl/woman” for granted. So I’d just say, “I’m not like other girls,” which is demeaning to those who say it, and misleading to those who hear it. SINCE then, I’ve learned that there are endless possibilities beyond the male/female dichotomy. The MAIN thing is not how you look, but how you feel. This has been a MAJOR step forward in my thinking, and it has helped me live more INDEPENDENTLY.

10.8

In this paper, we will explore how RELEVANT / SIGNIFICANT social media are, and the REMARKABLE changes it has brought to our lives. We will begin by looking at its superficial uses and SUBSEQUENTLY argue that it can be a valuable resource when used appropriately. There are many examples of otherwise SENSIBLE people using social media for totally banal and POINTLESS purposes, such as posting pictures of their food or sharing memes. While these activities may provide a momentary distraction, they do not contribute SIGNIFICANTLY to our lives or society as a whole. In this sense, social media can be seen as a POINTLESS and superficial medium. However, this does not mean that social media is inherently USELESS. In fact, social media have made users SENSITIVE to important issues such as social justice, climate change, and mental health.

10.9

generally, extremely, basically, Unfortunately, potentially, Slowly, fully, jointly, Ideally, equally, possibly

10.10

for, over, ago, Until, back, back, Now, Since, over, in, today, in

10.11

1 sensitive, including 2 interested 3 boring, confused 4 exciting, beneficial 5 extensive 6 important / overwhelming

10.12

The legal system of Mongolia is based on a civil law tradition that has been influenced by Soviet and European legal systems. In ACCORDANCE with the Constitution of Mongolia, the judiciary is an independent branch of the government, responsible for the administration of justice. ACCORDING TO / IN ACCORDANCE WITH the Law on the Judiciary, the judiciary is divided into two levels: the first instance court and the appellate court. ALSO, Mongolia has ratified several international human rights treaties, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and is thus obligated to adhere to the provisions set forth in these treaties. EVEN in cases where Mongolian laws conflict with these treaties, the treaties take precedence. EITHER the plaintiff or the defendant may initiate legal proceedings in Mongolia. The court proceedings are conducted in Mongolian, and the parties have the right to a fair and public hearing. Witnesses and experts may be called to testify AS WELL / TOO.

10.13

It is commonly believed that Iran is a nation at war, which is a major misconception. ALTHOUGH it is true that Iran experienced a war over three decades ago, the notion that the country is currently at war is false. ADDITIONALLY, there is a common misconception that Iran is not a safe place to visit. EVEN THOUGH bombings and terrorist attacks DO occur, the number of such incidents over the past decade is likely lower than that of certain European countries. APART FROM / BESIDES IN ADDITION TO this, it is often assumed that Iranians are Arabs and speak Arabic; however, Iran has a diverse population with a variety of ethnicities and languages. WITH THE EXCEPTION OF some hardliners who perceive the West as being hostile, in reality, many Iranians hold a favorable view of Western countries. However, it is not uncommon for the image of Iran to be misrepresented in various parts of the world. UNLESS one interacts personally with Iranians or travels to Iran, and AS LONG AS people in the West believe the propaganda that their governments feed them, then their perception of Iran is likely to remain distorted.

10.14

AS IS well known, social media play a significant role in facilitating communication among members of society, particularly AS THEY ARE cheap compared to traditional phone operators. CONSEQUENTLY THUS, social media offers an accessible and convenient means for individuals to connect with family and friends both locally and internationally. Moreover, social media platforms LIKE / SUCH AS Facebook gained significance during the pandemic AS they emerged AS a crucial channel for conducting online shopping and advertising of various products and services. Exactly HOW social media will be in the future remains to be seen.

10.15

To understand WHY the laws and morals of the Mexica only concerned life on earth, and not the afterlife, we need to understand their culture. They believed that we live only once, and that life is meant for BOTH enjoyment AND suffering. WHETHER one enjoyed another life after death depended not on their behavior in this life, but rather on how they died. Adults who died of natural causes EITHER would go to Mictlán, which was a place of complete darkness BECAUSE it was in the underworld, AND IF had been struck by lightning or drowned or they would go to Tlalocán, an evergreen paradise. FINALLY, it’s important to note that the Mexica believed in enjoying life, while also preparing for what happens AT THE END of their life on earth.

10.16

Latin, like other Indo-European languages, had masculine, feminine and neuter: the first two referring to generally animate things of those particular sexes, whereas neuter was generally used for abstract ideas where there was no distinction IN RELATION TO / WITH RESPECT TO sex. DESPITE THE FACT THAT spy, guard and guide are jobs which would have presumably been carried out by men, they were actually feminine. COMPARED TO the English spoken one thousand years ago, English today is almost unrecognizable. HOWEVER / YET English, like Latin, originally had gender. The word ‘ship’ is rather a strange case. In modern English, people sometimes refer affectionately to their ship (and their car) using ‘she’. But NOTWITHSTANDING / DESPITE this modern use, the Old English ship, scip, was neuter. English is currently undergoing a change in its use of gender pronouns (he, she, they), although FOR THE MOMENT there is still some opposition to using they for an individual person, THUS confusing many members of the Boomer generation. Consequently, WHEN using English pronouns, one needs to be exert some level of caution.

10.17

Does language reflect the society and values of the people who speak? There is much evidence both for and against this theory. FOR EXAMPLE, a feature of Indian thought is a preference for negative expressions. IN FACT, instead of ‘victory or defeat’ an Indian would say ‘victory or non-victory’. Negative terms often seem to have positive meanings, so that some of the virtues extolled in sacred Hindu, Buddhist and Jain texts, E.G. ahimsa (non-violence), asctya (non-theft), avera (non-grudge) and aparigraha (non-acquistion) are considered as signs of high levels of morality. ON THE CONTRARY / ON THE OTHER HAND anything that causes suffering is considered to be a non-virtue. IF NECESSARY, a Buddhist monk or kruu khmer can be consulted to resolves issues regarding what is, or ON THE CONTRARY, what is not, virtue.

10.18

The experiments involved investigating the PROBABILITY / CHANCES / POSSIBILITY of astrological predictions being correct regarding someone’s date of birth. Subjects were divided into two. In the first, volunteers attempted to choose their own birth charts and corresponding interpretations from a selection of three. One of the options was prepared by astrologers ON THE BASIS of information provided by the subject, while the other two were chosen randomly from the larger pool. The second group of experiments involved astrologers attempting to use their SKILLS to match a randomly selected individual with the most suitable most suitable personality trait supposedly based on their birth chart. The findings indicated that none of the astrologers performed at a higher LEVEL of SKILL than what would be expected by pure CHANCE and guesswork, and that the astrologists had no BASIS to claim otherwise. The researchers concluded that there was no evidence to support the astrological hypothesis that there is a connection between the positions of the planets and other astrological objects at the time of birth, and the personalities of the test subjects.

10.19

In this paper, we report our OBSERVATIONS regarding bullfighting. The matador’s performance is primarily judged as a MEASURE of their ability to choreograph the bull’s charges while drifting the cape just a few centimeters from the bull’s horns. We also discuss the DANGERS / HAZARDS associated with bullfighting, the SIZE of the bull and the MEASUREMENT of the matador’s performance. The level of DANGER for the bullfighter is an essential element to investigate when making OBSERVATIONS / REMARKS about this so-called sport.

10.20

When initiating a negotiation, it is essential to establish a clear picture of the situation, including the goal and various options to achieve it – this also requires having a high level of MOTIVATION to achieve such objectives. By presenting the best option and providing REASONS for it, the other party gains a better understanding of the situation and can identify any missing information. This approach encourages an open and straightforward atmosphere, where all considerations are valued, leading to a higher likelihood of reaching some DEGREE / LEVEL of agreement. In addition, flexibility is a key REQUIREMENT for successful negotiation. Parties must be willing to handle DEMANDS / REQUESTS / QUERIES and then make concessions, which ultimately benefit everyone involved. Aggressive behavior is never a SUBSTITUTE for trust, which should be built up slowly and sincerely.

10.21

The utilization OF social media IN India is highly contingent ON the age of the users. Individuals belonging TO the 50–70 age group tend to use social media platforms AS a means to exchange greetings throughout the day, often accompanied BY pictures of flowers and food. Additionally, they tend to employ social media as a tool to keep a tab ON their children’s or grandchildren’s activities. Another intriguing aspect of social media usage in India is the tendency OF people to leverage all available social media platforms including Tinder. It is common FOR individuals to initiate romantic relationships with strangers but this can encroach ON / UPON an individual’s privacy.

10.22

The repatriation of cultural heritage has been a contentious issue IN / FOR the international community, WITH the debate focusing ON the return of looted or illegally acquired artifacts TO their countries of origin. A key case IN this regard is the Parthenon Marbles, which were removed FROM the Parthenon temple in Athens, Greece, BY an English nobleman DURING the Ottoman Empire IN the early 19th century. The ownership of the marbles has been a source OF dispute between Greece and the United Kingdom FOR decades. IN this context, the present essay argues that the Parthenon Marbles should be returned immediately TO Greece. The main reason is that there is a safe space, the Museum of the Acropolis, where they can be properly displayed and maintained FOR visitors. BY doing so, Greece would regain control of its cultural heritage and showcase its rich history TO the world. Moreover, the return of the Parthenon Marbles would be a significant step IN rectifying the colonialist practices of the past. It symbolizes a relinquishing OF control by countries that once held more power THAN nations whose art was taken away. The return OF these artifacts is an acknowledgement of the harm caused BY colonialism and an effort to redress these past injustices.

10.23

The categorization of countries AS developed, developing, and underdeveloped categories has been a subject of debate IN international development studies. This essay explores an alternative perspective OF the classification of Mozambique as a developing country. Such labels affect a citizen’s identity, as such citizens may be perceived as lacking the life skills necessary FOR success. Mozambique can only be perceived as a developing country IN the sense that it reflects the country’s level of economic development. Young people in Mozambique today have a proactive stance TOWARDS / TO / REGARDING development, rather than passively accepting the label OF “developing country”.

10.24

This paper provides an overview OF the Maasai tribe, one of the 45 tribes in Kenya whose culture is protected and preserved BY the government. The Maasai people predominantly live IN national game reserves and game parks, and keep large herds of cattle. Their diet consists primarily OF cow milk and fresh blood FROM the cows, which they drink BY piercing a small section of the calf’s neck. The Maasai practice polygamy, WITH distinct gender roles. Men are primarily responsible FOR cattle herding and wildlife protection, while women prepare meals, build houses, and gather food FROM the wild. Additionally, women make decorative and beauty products. IN the past, male Maasai would hunt and kill lions using a spear and knife as part of their initiation INTO adult warriorhood. Although hunting OF wild animals has been banned BY the government, the Maasai can still kill lions IN self-defense or to protect their livestock. Despite the cultural shifts and government regulations, the Maasai culture continues to attract tourists seeking to experience indigenous ways of life, often paying a premium FOR the opportunity. The paper highlights the Maasai tribe’s unique cultural practices and the government’s efforts to preserve them, BY also adapting TO the modern world.

10.25

This paper presents a critical reflection on the notion of underdevelopment and how it AFFECTS CONDITIONS perceptions by individuals from “developed” countries. Educated white people from Brazil do not LET the notion of being described as underdeveloped AFFECT / CONDITION / INFLUENCE their identity. Unfortunately, this may not be the case for other Brazilians who are less skilled, black, or female, who may suffer from prejudice due to this hypocritical division of the world. The paper analyses the perception of underdevelopment as often being accompanied by a shortsighted view that attributes it to the incapacity of individuals in underdeveloped countries to deal with their problems, rather than acknowledging the historical legacies of colonization and slavery that did not ALLOW / ENABLE / PERMIT the local people to continue their own development and that CONDITIONED their identity. Ironically, individuals from “developed” countries rarely ask themselves where their development came from, and may even wrongly attribute it to their virtues rather than their vices, which thus ALLOWS / ENABLES them to remain in their illusion of superiority. The paper IS IN AGREEMENT WITH findings (Gonzalez, 2027) that challenge the notion of development itself, noting that Brazil is advanced in certain areas compared to “developed” countries.

10.26

We have ASCERTAINED / VERIFIED that the dissimilarities between the PhD systems in the United States and the United Kingdom have GIVEN RISE TO different methods of funding. One notable difference is that in the UK, a PhD student’s funding and university position are CONTROLLED by separate entities, whereas in the US, being accepted to a university equates to being funded. In this paper, we also RAISE the issue that the length of a typical US PhD program is generally longer in the US, with an average length of seven years, whereas students in the UK can EXPECT to complete their PhD in three or four years in the UK. We ARGUE / CLAIM that this disparity is partially due to the fact that American PhD programs often include an MA component, whereas in the UK, it is customary to pursue a Master’s degree separately. We ANTICIPATE that in terms of program structure, graduate programs in the UK are likely to become more centralized and place greater emphasis on professional development in line with their counterparts in the US. The UK government is already ANTICIPATING / FORECASTING that enrolment numbers will RISE in the near future and that there will be a subsequent demand for highly skilled graduates in both countries. This may have a significant impact on the future development of the way PhD courses are organized.

10.27

Typically, it is ASSUMED / HYPOTHESIZED that watching a movie in one’s own language ENSURES / GUARANTEES a higher level of enjoyment than watching a foreign film with subtitles. This study DEMONSTRATES / PROVES / SHOWS that audience enjoyment is actually higher when watching foreign films compared to films in one’s own language. A total of 2,543 viewers from the US and UK PARTICIPATED / TOOK PART in our 2-year survey. The results DEMONSTRATED / SHOWED that watching foreign movies with subtitles does not PREVENT a viewer from enjoying film and was in fact three times more likely to please an audience than watching a movie in their own language. Our findings suggest that the use of subtitles helps to eliminate, or at least to AVOID, biases related to knowledge of actors and their previous performances. This allows the audience to FOCUS ON the story and acting, aided by the fact of not having any preconceived ideas due to stereotypes or judgements based on regional accents. These findings have important implications for filmmakers and distributors who are looking to expand their audience base globally, as we believe that we have PROVED that the use of subtitles actually increases audience enjoyment and satisfaction. Future research could also TEST how the use of subtitles impacts audience perceptions of cultural differences and helps AVOID / PREVENT cross-cultural understandings.

10.28

Recent research ORIGINATING in the fields of medicine, color psychology, and food psychophysics has DETERMINED to that colors have the potential to influence our appetite and GIVE RISE TO varying effects on stimulating appetite when different colored plates are used. This study aimed to investigate how plate colors CONDITION / DRIVE the appetite by using six different colors (red, yellow, blue, green, white, and black) with both biscuits and cakes. Four experiments were CONDUCTED, including picture-based and real-food based tests. The results indicated that neither pictures nor real food placed on plates of different colors had a significant effect on appetite. However, yellow was found to be the most effective color in triggering appetite for cakes – the egg yolk BINDS the liquids and fats together. Black was better at DRIVING appetite than other colors, and red had an inhibitory effect. Gender did not have a significant effect on appetite when food was shown in pictures, but when biscuits were placed on yellow plates, females showed higher levels of eagerness to eat. When cake was placed on blue plates, the group COMPOSED / COMPRISED / MADE UP of males showed a higher eagerness to eat. These findings contain useful information for individuals working in medicine or catering to help them DETERMINE which combinations of plates and food can better stimulate people’s appetite.

10.29

The study aimed to explore the potential psychological benefits of dog photos for individuals who cannot afford to own a dog. We investigated the relationship between the number of saved dog photos on an individual’s phone and their level of kindness, optimism and general anxiety. To achieve this, we QUERIED data from 200,000 Reddit users without dogs, who completed a questionnaire and had three friends complete a form about them. Our results indicate a strong correlation between having more than a thousand saved dog photos (56% of the sample) and high social competence. Additionally, it was found that viewing dog photos for more than ten hours per week (45%) LED to those individuals DECREASING the amount of comfort food that they REQUIRED during the day. These findings suggest that dog photos could be used for therapeutic purposes to help individuals who WANT / WISH to / LOWER / REDUCE their levels of anxiety and eat fewer sugar-based products.

10.30

This review HIGHLIGHTS our current knowledge on the use of multimodal signals in insect orientation and navigation. Animals that travel long distances exploit various sensory inputs, such as visual, olfactory, gustatory, magnetic or thermic cues, to IDENTIFY the best route for their journeys. Much research has HIGHLIGHTED / SHOWN that use of multimodal signals allows insects to adapt to their sensory environment, by SHARING navigational cues with each other. We provide examples of sensorimotor behavior of insects, DISTINGUISHING between mosquitoes and flies, as well as large-scale navigation in ants, bees, and insects that seasonally migrate over long distances. Our research ENTAILED / INVOLVED investigating how multiple behavioral signals combine and what insects learn using multiple modalities in each phase. Overall, our review emphasizes the importance of multimodal signals in insect navigation and how this knowledge can inform future research in this field. This review is DIVIDED into four sections Section 2 outlines …

10.31

This study PROPOSES a new methodology to TEST how the cultural intelligence of students can be enhanced by studying abroad, rather than WAITING until they have finished university. The literature is currently LACKING a comprehensive survey on the impact of EXPERIENCING a semester abroad on the development of cultural intelligence over time. We collected data from 457 students before and after their study abroad. No students were EXCLUDED FROM the study. Contrary to what we had EXPECTED, multiple regression analyses demonstrated that individuals who were low on extraversion EXPERIENCED an improvement in their metacognitive awareness more than did individuals who were high on extraversion. The study SUGGESTED that studying abroad is valuable in developing students’ E-CQ, particularly for those with lower levels of extraversion and openness to experience. It is SUGGEST that universities should ensure that students do not MISS the opportunity to participate in such programs as Erasmus due to a lack of awareness of the existence of such programs.

10.32

We studied a group of people who believed that the world would end on December 21. The group had been SUBJECTED TO a series of brainwashing exercises by their leader Rushford Schneil, in which they were told that they would be rescued by a flying saucer and taken to safety at midnight on December 20. Several members of the group REFUSED to believe what they had been told and consequently WERE SUBJECTED TO / UNDERWENT further brainwashing. We predicted that those believers that had made no public commitment to the prophecy, and that awaited “the end of the world” by themselves at home, would simply lose their faith. On the other hand, we hypothesized that those who had acted on their conviction would have to increase their religious belief to avoid the realization that they had behaved foolishly. That is just what happened. At 04.45 am, i.e. several hours after the saucer had been predicted to arrive, the leader had a new “vision”. The world had been spared, he said, because of the impressive faith of their little band. The believers had to REJECT / REVISE their previous belief that the world would end, and REPLACE / SUBSTITUTE it with a new belief that their faith had saved the world. The whole experience TURNED OUT to be a test of their faith, and they had passed. Schneil’s followers UNDERWENT a revision of their belief system to accommodate this new information.

10.33

The process of constructing a persuasive and logical ARGUMENT requires a certain level of CONSISTENCY in terms of the sources and evidence utilized. The LIBRARY can play a crucial role in this process. One of the primary advantages of utilizing the resources of a library is the OPPORTUNITY for comprehensive research. The library offers access to a vast array of materials that are not always available through other channels, such as personal collections. ALTERNATIVELY, researchers could use the COMPREHENSIVE but unreliable features of a chatbot, so that although they may build strong and COHERENT arguments these may not always be supported by factual evidence, which may ACTUALLY contain a CONSIDERABLE number of errors. In such cases it is recommended that researchers should WHEN NECESSARY have their work CHECKED by an expert in the field. Another benefit of utilizing the library is the AVAILABILITY of resources that are specifically geared towards argumentation and persuasion.