Abstract
In this chapter I analyse the impact of economic informality on novels from the core of the world-system. In doing so I advance two related arguments: that economic informality has been a structural feature of core economies at various points across the longue durée and that more recent representations of economic informality evince the same deferral of the cost of the reproduction of labour to families and communities that we observed in the (semi-)periphery. I analyse briefly Oliver Goldsmith’s 1766 novel The Vicar of Wakefield, arguing that the novel is manifestly a liberal satire (at a time when these ideas were only just becoming prominent) on the inflexibility and dogmatism of a rural vicar even as the formal structure of the plot depends—for its closure—upon informal economic relations between an emergent bourgeois class and the English aristocracy upon whom their social reproduction still depends. It would be false to claim that modernity produced in England is nothing but a comprador elite, but even in this core region we can observe forms of economic informality mediating particularly sharp class disparities (often refracted through race) in fiction throughout the longue durée. Next, then, I turn to Sandra Vasconcelos’s startling reading of Tess of the D’Urbervilles (1891), which transposes Cândido’s dialectic of order and disorder into the English context, thereby demonstrating the role of economic informality in peripheral modernisation in nineteenth-century England. Finally I analyse the retrenchment of informality and dependency in fiction from neoliberal Britain and the United States. So extreme has been the deferral of reproductive labour to the family unit and feminised people under austerity that the cultural features observed in (semi-)peripheral fiction have recently been observed in more broadly liberal and conventional cultural production such as Sharon Horgan and Holly Walsh’s Motherland (2016). While Madeline St John’s The Essence of the Thing (1997) is preoccupied with the breakdown of the clean and safe heterosexual family while strategically repressing the forms of informality and precarity that attend this social process, texts such as Brian Chikwava’s Harare North (2014) and Hilary Leichter’s Temporary (2020) attempt to represent the rise of economic informality through irrealist aesthetics.
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Notes
- 1.
See Ghosh 2019.
- 2.
Thomas McCauley (1856) and Henry James (1900) are impatient with the plot structure; Mack (2006) does not seem to disagree.
- 3.
Recall here Lukács, “The first great novel, Cervantes’ Don Quixote is also a story of lost illusions. But in Don Quixote it is the nascent bourgeois world which destroys the still lingering feudal illusions” (Studies in European Realism 47); and for Jameson Don Quixote “emblematically demonstrates” that the “processing operation variously called narrative mimesis or realistic representation has as its historic function the systematic undermining and demystification, the secular “decoding,” of those preexisting inherited traditional or sacred narrative paradigms” (The Political Unconscious 138).
- 4.
For illustrative examples of this narrative framing of Olivia and Sophia, see p. 26 for the deft irony of Sophy’s assessment of Squire Thornhill. See also p. 42 where both expertly navigate the discrepant class encounter of the impromptu country ball.
- 5.
“[T]he position of the landed aristocrat also changed less than might have been thought, except in countries of direct peasant revolution like France. [… I]n Britain in the 1840s the greatest concentrations of wealth were certainly still those of the peerage[. …] There were no doubt compromises, imposed by the fear of a mass revolution which would go beyond moderate middle class aspirations. They left the landed classes over-represented in government, as in Britain, and large sectors of the new—and especially the most dynamic industrial—middle classes unrepresented, as in France” (300-2).
- 6.
Tellingly the Liberal ideologue Thomas Babington Macauley disliked, in particular, the novel’s plot structure. The Vicar of Wakefield, for Macauley, lacked what he called the “consistency” of plot, “which ought to be found even in the wildest fiction about witches, giants, and fairies” (qtd. in Mack xxiv).
- 7.
For a discussion of James’s response to the novel see Mack xxiii.
- 8.
References are to “A terceira menina”, published in Literatura e Sociedade, 2006. I am grateful to Thomas Waller for assistance with translation from the Portuguese, but any errors are my own.
- 9.
The former inequalities conditioned and deepened to a large extent by deindustrialisation in the 1980s; the latter by the various proto-apartheid attempts launched under British imperialism and later the National Party’s ‘Group Areas Act’ of 1951.
- 10.
It is worth comparing this scene of the novel to the first episode of the second series of Motherland in which a group of parents go out clubbing. In both texts, nightlife is represented as something cathartic. But in Essence alcohol and recreational drugs provide solace to those who have failed to cultivate hygienic domesticity, whereas Motherland has a sense that intense and even reckless leisure activities cannot be morally castigated as they have a functional role in bourgeois life in neoliberal Britain.
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Jewell, J. (2024). Precarious Core. In: Economic Informality and World Literature. New Comparisons in World Literature. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53134-7_6
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