Abstract
In this chapter I identify a number of formal characteristics in the nineteenth-century Brazilian novel that will recur later in other places. Using Cândido’s idea of the ‘dialectic of order and disorder’, I argue that formal structures shaped by the erratic movement of malandros and agregados—original figures in Brazilian fiction who must oscillate between the bourgeois world and its chaotic underworld—are brought about in part by Brazil’s uneven combination of Liberalism and slavery, wage and slave labour. In Part I, I explore how Cândido’s ‘dialectic of order and disorder’ plays out in Antonio de Almeida’s 1852–1853 novel Memórias de um sargento de milícias [Memoirs of a Militia Sargent], but I attempt to develop the ‘dialectic’s’ links to global capitalist modernisation—links Cândido himself could not make fully given that he was writing under military dictatorship. While Edu Teruki Otsuka argues that the ‘dialectic of order and disorder’ around which Memórias is organised drives the novel into a cul-de-sac of cultural history, whereby the novel could not influence later authors given the organisation of the form around isolated regional conditions, I seek to trouble the idea that conditions obtaining in the Empire of Brazil were anomalous. I begin this work in Part II of this chapter by building on Schwarz’s seminal essay on Machado de Assis’s Dom Casmurro (1899), analysing the structurally integral role played by the informal worker or agregado José Dias in the novel’s form.
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Notes
- 1.
‘Cândido entertains both thin and thick conceptions of literature, both aesthetic and historical, both “universal” and “national” as he phrases it himself (Helgesson 156).
- 2.
“In the early nineteenth century, Portugal found itself caught between its traditional alliance with Great Britain and the demands of Napoleon, who was determined to close Europe’s ports to English trade. Napoleon ordered Prince Regent João, ruling in the name of his demented [sic] mother, Maria I, to seal the Portuguese ports, confiscate British property, and arrest British subjects. The prince regent reluctantly agreed to close the ports but to nothing more, a decision that prompted Napoleon to invade Portugal. In late 1807 the arm of General Andoche Junot marched on Lisbon. In view of those events the British minister, Lord Strangford, counselled João to move his court to Brazil. […] In return for generous commercial privileges in Brazil, the British agreed to transport the royal family to the New World and to preserve intact the Portuguese empire” (Burns 111–12).
- 3.
“With the rise of cities since the thirteenth century and the emergence of an urban bourgeoisie, the ‘whole house’ – the earlier Germanic form of the extended family and kinship – began to dissolve” (Mies 78).
- 4.
The original Portuguese text of Dom Casmurro is widely available as a free ebook or PDF online. When quoting the original text I refer to an unpaginated PDF kindly provided by the University of Amazônia (see Works Cited). In lieu of page references, citations can be checked using the search function.
- 5.
During the reign of Pedro II (1825–1889), Brazil maintained a largely cosmetic system of parliamentary democracy over which the Emperor had virtually total control: “He enjoyed a veto over all legislation as well as the right to convoke or dissolve the General Assembly. He selected the presidents of the provinces, the ministers, the bishops (for he claimed the old royal patronage the pope had conferred on Portuguese kings), and the senators” (Burns 128–9).
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Jewell, J. (2024). From Malandros to Agregados: The Precarious Labourer and the Novel Form in Nineteenth-Century Brazil. In: Economic Informality and World Literature. New Comparisons in World Literature. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53134-7_2
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