Skip to main content

Living in the Mountains: The Wide Variety of Land Uses and Their Geo-ecological Consequences

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Mountain Environments: Changes and Impacts

Abstract

As we have already seen in Chap. 3, it is not easy to define what a mountain is. We all have an image of the contrast between a mountain range and the lowlands, or a volcano that rises sharply from the plain surrounding it, and we know how to distinguish an abrupt relief with steep slopes from a structural platform without the need for much explanation. But reality presents us with many nuances and makes apparently simple things become very complex.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Ives JD (1997) Comparative inequalities—mountain communities and mountain families. In: Messerli B, Ives JD (eds) Mountains of the world. A global priority, The Parthenon Publishing Group, London, pp 61–84

    Google Scholar 

  2. Price LW (1981) Mountains and man. University of California Press, Berkeley, p 508

    Google Scholar 

  3. Price MF (2015) Mountains: a very short introduction. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 134

    Book  Google Scholar 

  4. Gardner JS, Rhoades RE, Stadel E (2013) People in mountains. In: Price MF, Byers AC, Friend DA, Kohler T, Price LW (eds) Mountain geography. Physical and human dimensions. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 267–300

    Google Scholar 

  5. Grötzbach E, Stadel C (1997) Mountain peoples and culture. In: Messerli B, Ives JD (eds) Mountains of the world. A global priority. The Parthenon Publishing Group, London, pp 17–38

    Google Scholar 

  6. Messerli B (1985) Stability and instability of mountain ecosystems. An interdisciplinary approach. In: Singh TV, Kaur J (eds) Integrated mountain development. Himalayan Books, New Delhi, pp 72–97

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ruddiman WF (2003) The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of years ago. Clim Change 61:261–293. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000004577.17928.fa

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ruddiman WF, Thomson JS (2001) The case for human causes of increased atmospheric CH4 over the last 5000 years. Quatern Sci Rev 20(18):1769–1777. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000004577.17928.fa

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. González-Sampériz P, Montes L, Aranbarri J, Leunda M, Domingo R, Laborda R, Sanjuán Y, Gil-Romera G, Lasanta T, García-Ruiz JM (2019) Escenarios, tempo e indicadores paleoambientales para la identificación del Antropoceno en el paisaje vegetal del Pirineo Central (NE Iberia). Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 45(1):167–193. https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.3691

  10. Crutzen PJ, Stoermer EF (2000) The Anthropocene. Global Change Newletter 41:17–18

    Google Scholar 

  11. Crutzen PJ (2002) Geology of mankind. Nature 415:23. https://doi.org/10.1038/415023a

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Gibbard P, Walker M, Bauer A, Edgeworth M, Edwards L, Ellis E, Finney S, Gill JL, Maslin M, Merrits D, Ruddiman W (2022) The Anthropocene as an Event, not an Epoch. J Quat Sci 37(3):395–399. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Bencherifa A (1983) Land use and equilibrium of mountain ecosystems in the high Atlas of Western Morocco. Mt Res Dev 3(3):273–279. https://doi.org/10.2307/3673021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Badenkov Y, Baetzing W, Bandyopadhyay J, Barry R, Hamilton LS, Hoegger R, Hurni H, Ives JD, Matthews G, Messerli B, Pfaff-Czarnecks J, Price M, Stone PB (1992) An appeal for the mountains. Institute of Geography, Berne, p 44

    Google Scholar 

  15. Ives JD (1988) Development in the face of uncertainty. In: Ives J, Pitt DC (eds) Deforestation: social dynamics in watersheds and mountain ecosystems. Routledge, New York, pp 54–74

    Google Scholar 

  16. Price MF, Kohler T (2013) Sustainable mountain development. In: Price MF, Byers AC, Friend DA, Kohler T, Price LW (2013) Mountain geography. Physical and human dimensions. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 333–365

    Google Scholar 

  17. Pitt DC (1988) Poverty, women and young people. In: Ives J, Pitt DC (eds) Deforestation: social dynamics in watersheds and mountain ecosystems. Routledge, New York, pp 191–223

    Google Scholar 

  18. Montanari B (2013) The future of agriculture in the High Atlas mountains of Morocco. The need to integrate traditional ecological knowledge. In: Mann S (ed) The future of mountain agriculture. Springer, Berlin, pp 51–72

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  19. Eckholm EP (1975) The deterioration of mountain environments. Science 189:764–770

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ives JD (1987) The theory of Himalayan environmental degradation: its validity and application challenged by recent research. Mt Res Dev 7(3):189–199. https://doi.org/10.2307/3673192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Ives JD, Messerli B (1989) The Himalayan dilemma. Reconciling development and conservation. Routledge, London, p 295

    Google Scholar 

  22. Karan PP (1987) Population characteristics of the Himalayan region. Mt Res Dev 7(3):271–274. https://doi.org/10.2307/3673204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hamilton LS, Pearce AJ (1988) Soil and water impacts of deforestation. In: Ives J, Pitt DC (eds) Deforestation: social dynamics in watersheds and mountain ecosystems. Routledge, New York, pp 75–98

    Google Scholar 

  24. Bajracharya B, Uddin K, Chettri N, Shrestha B, Siddiqui SA (2010) Understanding land cover change using a harmonized classification system in the Himalayas. A case study from the Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal. Mt Res Dev 30(2):143–156. https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd-journal-D-09-00044.1

  25. Byers A (1986) A geomorphic study of man-induced soil erosion in the Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park, Khumbu, Nepal. Mt Res Dev 7(3):209–216. https://doi.org/10.2307/3673343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Narayana DVV (1987) Downstream impacts of soil conservation in the Himalayan region. Mt Res Dev 7(3):287–298. https://doi.org/10.2307/3673207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Jain SK, Kumar S, Varghese J (2001) Estimation of soil erosion for a Himalayan watershed using GIS technique. Water Resour Manage 15:41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012246029263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. K JG, Kumar S, Hole RM (2021) Geospatial modelling of soil erosion and risk assessment in Indian Himalayan region—a study of Uttarakhand state. Environ Adv 4:100039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100039

  29. Hofer T, Messerli B (2006) Floods in Bangladesh. History, dynamics and rethinking the role of the Himalayas. United Nations University Press, New York, p 468

    Google Scholar 

  30. Ives JD (2012) Environmental change and challenge in the Himalaya A historical perspective. Pirineos 167:29–68. https://doi.org/10.3989/Pirineos.2012.167003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Wu K, Thornes JB (1995) Terrace irrigation of mountainous hill slopes in the Middle Hills of Nepal: stability and instability. In Chapman GP, Thompson M (eds) Water and the quest for sustainable development in the Ganges Valley. London, Mansell, pp 41–63

    Google Scholar 

  32. Tiwari PC (2000) Land-use changes in Himalaya and their impact on the plains ecosystem: need for sustainable land use. Land Use Policy 17(2):101–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8377(00)00002-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Doyog ND, Lumbres RIC, Baoanan ZG (2021) Monitoring of land use and land cover changes in Mt. Pulag National Park using Landsat and Sentinel imageries. Philippine J Sci 150(4):723–734. https://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/154937

  34. Chauchard S, Carcaillet C, Guibal F (2007) Patterns of land-use abandonment control tree-recruitment and forest dynamics in Mediterranean mountains. Ecosystems 10:936–948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-007-9065-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. García-Ruiz JM, Lana-Renault N (2011) Hydrological and erosive consequences of farmland abandonment in Europe, with special reference to the Mediterranean region—A review. Agr Ecosyst Environ 140:317–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.01.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Nunes AN, de Almeida AC, Coelho COA (2011) Impacts of land-use and cover type on runoff and soil erosion in a marginal area of Portugal. Appl Geogr 31:687–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.12.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Cervera T, Pino J, Marull J, Padró R, Tello E (2019) Understanding the long-term dynamics of forest transition: from deforestation to afforestation in a Mediterranean landscape (Catalonia, 1868–2005). Land Use Policy 80:318–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.10.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Moody JA, Martin DA (2001) Initial hydrologic and geomorphic response following a wildfire in the Colorado Front range. Earth Surf Proc Land 26:1040–1070. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Shakesby R (2011) Post-wildfire soil erosion in the Mediterranean: review and future research directions. Earth Sci Rev 105(3–4):71–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.01.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Oliveira S, Felix F, Nunes A, Lourenço l, laneve G, Sebastián-López A (2018) Mapping wildfire vulnerability in Mediterranean Europe. Testing a stepwise approach for optional purposes. J Environ Manage 206:158–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.003

  41. Ferreira CSS, Seifollahi-Aghmiuni S, Destouni G, Ghajarnia N, Kalantari Z (2022) Soil degradation in the European Mediterranean region: processus, status and consequences. Sci Total Environ 805:150106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Boardman J, Foster IDL, Rowntree KM, Favis-Mortlock DT, Mol L, Suich H, Gaynor D (2017) Long-term studies of land degradation in the Sneeuberg uplands, eastern Karoo, South Africa: a synthesis. Geomorphology 285:106–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.01.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Hölbing D, Betts H, Spiekermann R, Phillips C (2016) Identifying spatio-temporal landslide hotspots on North Island, New Zealand, by analysing historical and recent aerial photography. Geosciences 6(4):48. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences6040048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Chaundhari S, Wang Y, Khanal NR, Xu P, Fu B, Dixit AM, Yan K, Liu Q, Lu Y (2018) Social impact of farmland abandonment and its eco-environmental vulnerability in the high mountain region of Nepal: a case study of Dordi River basin. Sustainability 10(7):2331. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Tomás y Valiente F (1972) El marco político de la desamortización en España. Barcelona, Ediciones Ariel, p 172

    Google Scholar 

  46. Cuadrado Iglesias M (1980) Aprovechamiento en común de pastos y leñas. Ministerio de Agricultura. Secretaria General Técnica, p 539

    Google Scholar 

  47. Agrawal A, Chatre A, Hardin R (2008) Changing governance of the world’s forest. Science 320:1460–1462. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Luxom NM, Singh R, Theengh L, Shrestha P, Sharma RK (2022) Pastoral practices, pressures, and human-wildlife relations in high altitude rangelands of Eastern Himalaya: a case study of the Dokpa pastoralists of North Sikkim. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Pasture. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-022-00252-6

  49. Van Gils H, Siegl G, Bennett MR (2014) The living commons of West Tyrol, Austria: lessons for land policy and land administration. Land Use Policy 38:16–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.10.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Bhasin V (2017) Pastoralists of Himalayas. J Biodivers 4(2):83–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/09766901.2013.11884746

  51. Verzijl A, Dominguez C (2015) The powers of water-user associations: on multiplicity, fluidity, and durability in the Peruvian Andes. Int J Commons 9(1):107–128. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.537

  52. Vázquez Fernández I (2016) Aprendizaje histórico en gestión de bienes comunales: Los pastos en Cantabria (España). Universidad de Cantabria. http://hdl.handle.net/10902/8237

  53. Wolf ER (1970) The inheritance of land among Bavarian and Tyrolese peasants. Anthropologica N.S. 12(1):99–114

    Google Scholar 

  54. Pujadas JJ, Comas D (1975) La “casa” en el proceso de cambio del Pirineo aragonés. Cuad de Inv Geografía e Historia 2(1):51–62

    Google Scholar 

  55. Esteban A, Fonquerne Y-R (1986) Los Pirineos. Estudios de antropología social e historia. Madrid, Casa de Velázquez- Universidad Complutense, p 277

    Google Scholar 

  56. Esteva-Fabregat C (1971) Para una teoría de la aculturación en el Alto Aragón Ethnica. Rev de Antropología 2(9):78

    Google Scholar 

  57. Daumas M (1976) La vie rurale dans le Haut aragon oriental. Instituto de Estudios Oscenses y de Geografía Aplicada, Madrid, p 774

    Google Scholar 

  58. García-Ruiz JM, Lasanta T (2018) El Pirineo aragonés como paisaje cultural. Pirineos 173:e038. https://doi.org/10.3989/pirineos.2018.173005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Puigdefábregas J, Fillat F (1986) Ecological adaptation of traditional land uses in the Spanish Pyrenees. Mt Res Dev 6(1):63–72. https://doi.org/10.2307/3673341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. García-Ruiz JM, Lasanta-Martínez T (1990) Land-use changes in the Spanish Pyrenees. Mt Res Dev 10(3):267–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. García-Ruiz JM, López-Moreno JI, Lasanta T, Vicente-Serrano S, González-Sampériz P, Valero-Garcés BL, Sanjuán Y, Beguería S, Nadal-Romero E, Lana-Renault N, Gómez-Villar A (2015) Efectos geoecológicos del cambio global en el Pirineo Central español: una revisión a distintas escalas espaciales y temporales. Pirineos 170:e012. https://doi.org/10.3989/pirineos.2015.170005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Stadel C (1985) Development and underdevelopment in the rural Andes. A case study from the Eastern Cordillera of Ecuador. In: Singh TV, Kaur J (eds) Integrated mountain development. Himalayan Books, New Delhi, pp 193–207

    Google Scholar 

  63. Cunha SE, Price LW (2013) Agricultural settlement and land use in mountains. In: Price MF, Byers AC, Friend DA, Kohler T, Price LW (eds) Mountain Geography. Physical and human dimensions. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp 301–331

    Google Scholar 

  64. Semwal RL, Nautiyal S, Sen KK, Rana U, Maikhuri RK, Rao KS, Saxena KG (2004) Patterns and ecological implications of agricultural land-use changes: a case study from central Himalaya, India. Agr Ecosyst Environ 102(1):81–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(03)000228-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Singh RB (1998) Land use/cover changes, extreme events and ecohydrological responses in the Himalayan region. Hydrol Process 12(13–14):2043–2055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Lasanta T (1989) Evolución reciente de la agricultura de montaña: el Pirineo aragonés. Logroño, Geoforma Ediciones, p 22

    Google Scholar 

  67. Lasanta T, Errea MP, Nadal-Romero E (2017). Traditional agrarian landscape in the Mediterranean mountains. A regional and local factor analysis in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Land Degrad Dev 28(5):1626–1640. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2695

  68. Lasanta T, Rubio-Balducci P, Nadal-Romero E, Errea MP, Cammeraat E (2020) Naturalización de un paisaje rural pirenaico: los bancales de Bestué. Invest Geográficas 74:51–69. https://doi.org/10.14198/INGEO2020.LRNEC

  69. Gardner RAM, Gerrard AJ (2003) Runoff and soil erosion on cultivated rainfed terraces in the Middle Hills of Nepal. Appl Geogr 23(1):23–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-6228(02)00069-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Arnáez J, Lana-Renault N, Lasanta T, Ruiz-Flaño P, Castroviejo J (2015) Effects of farming terraces on hydrological and geomorphological processes. A review. CATENA 128:122–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.01.021

  71. Ceccarelli S (2019) Health, seeds, diversity and terraces. In: Varotto M, Bonardi L, Tarolli P (eds) World terraced landscapes: history, environment, quality of life. Springer, Cham, pp 211–224

    Google Scholar 

  72. Boselli V, Ouallali A, Briak H, Houssni M, Kassout J, El Ouahrani A, Michailidi EM (2020) System dynamics applied to terraced agrosystems: the case study of Assarag (Anti-Atlas Mountains, Morocco). Water 12:1693. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061693

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Khanal NR, Watanabe T (2006) Abandonment of agricultural land and its consequences. A case study in the Sikles area, Gandaki Basin, Nepal Himalaya. Mt Res Dev 26(1):32–40. https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2006)026[0032:AOALAI]2.0.CO;2

  74. Maikhuri RK, Rao KS, Semwal RL (2001) Changing scenario of Himalayan agroecosystems: loss of agrobiodiversity, an. Indicator of environmental change in Central Himalaya India. Environmentalist 21:23–39. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010638104135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Asins S (2006) Linking historical Mediterranean terraces with water catchment, harvesting and distribution structures. In: JP Morel (ed) The archaeology of crop fields and gardens. Ediplugia, Bari, pp 21–40

    Google Scholar 

  76. Momirski LA (2019) Slovenian terraced landscapes. In: Varotto M, Bonardi L, Tarolli P (eds) World terraced landscapes: history, environment, quality of life. Springer, Cham, pp 45–62

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  77. Deng C, Zhang G, Liu Y, Nie X, Li Z, Liu J, Zhu D (2021) Advantages and disadvantages of terracing: A comprehensive review. Int Soil Water Conserv Res 9(3):344–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2021.03.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Price S, Nixon L (2005) Ancient Greek agricultural terraces: evidence from texts and archaeological survey. Am J Archaeol 109(4):665–694. jstor.org/stable/40025693

    Google Scholar 

  79. Tarolli P, Petit F, Romano N (2014) Terraced landscapes: From an old best practice to a potential hazard for soil degradation due to land abandonment. Anthropocene 6:10–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/1.ancene.2014.03.002

  80. Kinnaird T, Bolòs J, Turner A, Turner S (2017) Optically-stimulated luminescence profiling and dating of historic agricultural terraces in Catalonia (Spain). J Archaeol Sci 78:66–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Turner S, Bolòs J, Kinnaird T (2017) Changes and continuities in a Mediterranean landscape: a new interdisciplinary approach to understanding historic character in western Catalonia. Landsc Res 43(7):922–938. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2017.1386778

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Quirós Castillo JA (2011) La formación de los paisajes medievales en el norte peninsular: agricultura y ganadería en los siglos V-XII. Debates de Arqueología Medieval 1:161–165

    Google Scholar 

  83. Fernández Mier M, López Gómez P, González Álvarez D (2013) Prácticas ganaderas en la Cordillera Cantábrica. Aproximación multidisciplinar al estudio de las áreas de pasto en la Edad Media. Debates de Arqueología Medieval 3:167–219

    Google Scholar 

  84. Agnoletti M, Conti L, Frezza L, Santoro A (2015) Territorial analysis of the agricultural terraced landscapes of Tuscany (Italy): preliminary results. Sustainability 7(4):4564–4581. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7044564

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Grove D, Rackham O (2001) The nature of Mediterranean Europe: an ecological history. Yale University Press, New Haven, p 384

    Google Scholar 

  86. Varotto M, Ferrarese F, Pappalardo SE (2019) Italian terraced landscapes: the shapes and the trends. In: Varotto M, Bonardi L, Tarolli P (eds) World terraced landscapes: history, environment, quality of life. Springer, Cham, pp 27–43

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  87. Londoño AC (2008) Pattern and rate of erosion inferred from Inca agricultural terraces in arid southern Peru. Geomorphology 99(1–4):13–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.09.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Pérez Sánchez JM (2019) Agricultural terraces in Mexico. In: Varotto M, Bonardi L, Tarolli P (eds) World terraced landscapes: history, environment, quality of life. Springer, Cham, pp 159–176

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  89. Hamilton LS, Brijnzeel LAS (1997) Mountain watersheds—integrating water, soils, gravity, vegetation and people. In: Messerli B, Ives JD (eds) Mountains of the World, A global priority. The Parthenon Publishing Group, London, pp 337–370

    Google Scholar 

  90. Lasanta T, Arnáez J, Oserín M, Ortigosa LM (2001) Marginal lands and erosion in terraced fields in the Mediterranean mountains. A case study in the Camero Viejo (Northwestern Iberian System, Spain). Mt Res Dev 21(1):69–76. https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0069:MLAEIT]2.0.CO;2

  91. Cammeraat ELH (2004) Scale dependent thresholds in hydrological and erosion response of a semi-arid catchment in Southeast Spain. Agr Ecosyst Environ 104:317–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Gallart F, Llorens P, Latron J, Regüés D (2002) Hydrological processes and their seasonal controls in a small Mediterranean mountain catchment in the Pyrenees. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 6(3):527–537. https://doi.org/10.5195/hess-6-527-2002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Arnáez J, Lana-Renault N, Ruiz-Flaño P, Pascual N, Lasanta T (2017) Mass soil movement on terraced landscapes of the Mediterranean mountain areas: a case study in the Iberian Range, Spain. Cuad de Inv Geográfica 43(1):83–100. https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.3211

  94. Gerrard J, Gardner R (2002) Relationships between landsliding and land use in the Likhu Khola drainage basin, Middle Hills, Nepal. Mt Res Dev 22:48–55. https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2002)022[0048:RBLALU]2.0CO;2

  95. Crosta GB, Dal Negro P, Frattini P (2003) Soil slips and debris flows on terraced slopes. Nat Hazard 3(1–2):31–42. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-31-2003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Lesschen JP, Cammeraat LH, Nieman T (2008) Erosion and terrace failure due to agricultural land abandonment in a semi-arid environment. Earth Surf Proc Land 33:1574–1584. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1676

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Brandolini P, Cavasco A, Capolongo D, Pepe G, Lovergine F, Del Monte M (2018) Response of terraced slopes to a very intense rainfall event and relationships with land abandonment: a case study fron Cinque Terre (Italy). Land Degrad Dev 29:630–642. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2672

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Stavi I, Rozenberg T, Al-Ashhab A, Argaman E, Gromer E (2018) Failure and collapse of ancient agricultural Stone terraces: no-site effects on soil and vegetation. Water 10:1400. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Asins-Velis S (2019) Terraced fields in Spain: Landscapes of work and beauty. In: Varotto M, Bonardi L, Tarolli P (eds) World terraced landscapes: history, environment, quality of life. Springer, Cham, pp 79–96

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  100. Cots-Folch R, Martínez-Casasasnovas JA, Ramos MC (2006) Land terracing for new vineyard plantations in the north-eastern Spanish mediterranean region: landscape effects of the EU council regulation policy for vineyards’ restructuring. Agr Ecosyst Environ 115:88–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.11.030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Xu QX, Wang TW, Cai CF, Li ZX, Shi ZH (2012) Effects of soil conservation on soil properties of citrus orchards in the Three Gorges area China. Land Degradation Dev 23(1):34–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.1045

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Nyssen J, Clymans W, Poesen J, Vandecasteele I, De Baets S, Haregeweyn N, Naudts J, Hadera A, Moeyersons J, Haile M, Deckers J (2009a) How conservation affects the catchment sediment budget—a comprehensive study in the northern Ethiopian highlands. Earth Surf Proc Land 34:1216–1233. https://doi.org/10.1002.esp.1805

    Google Scholar 

  103. Mcdonagh J, Lu Y, Semalulu O (2014) Adoption and adaptation of improved soil management practices in the eastern Ugandan hills. Land Degrad Dev 25:58–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.1143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Ramos MC, Martínez-Casasasnovas JA (2006) Nutrient losses by runoff in vineyards of the Mediterranean Alt Penedès region (NE Spain). Agr Ecosyst Environ 113(1–4):356–363. https://doi.org/10.1017/j.agee.2005.10.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Ramos MC, Martínez-Casasasnovas JA (2006) Impact of land levelling on soil moisture and runoff variability in vineyards under different rainfall distributions in a Mediterranean climate and its influence on crop productivity. J Hydrol 321:131–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydrol.2005.07.055

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Lasanta T, Nadal-Romero E, Errea MP (2017) The footprint of marginal agriculture in the Mediterranean mountain landscape: an analysis of the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Sci Total Environ 599–600:1823–1836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.092

  107. Lasanta T, Beguería S, García-Ruiz JM (2006) Geomorphic and hydrological effects of traditional shifting agriculture in a Mediterranean mountain area, Central Spanish Pyrenees. Mt Res Dev 26(2):146–152. https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2006)26[146:GAHEOT]2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Beguería S, López-Moreno JI, Gómez-Villar A, Rubio V, Lana-Renault N, García-Ruiz JM (2006). Fluvial adjustments to soil erosion and plant cover changes in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Geogr Ann 88A(3):177–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0459.2006.00293.x

  109. Lorente A, García-Ruiz JM, Beguería S, Arnáez J (2002) Factors explaining the spatial distribution of hillslope debris flows: A case study in the Flysch Sector of the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Mt Res Dev 22(1):32–39. https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2002)022[0032:FETSDO]2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  110. Ives JD (1999) The use of hillside environments for land husbandry: personal reflections. Mt Res Dev 19(3):173–177

    Google Scholar 

  111. Win RN, Reiji S, Shinya T (2009) Forest cover changes under selective logging in the Kabaung reserved forest, Bago Mountains, Myanmar. Mt Res Dev 29(4):328–338. https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd.00009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Tayaa M (1988) La transformation des terres de montagne au Maroc. Atelier sur l'agriculture et la transformation des terres dans le basin mediterranéen, Scientific Commitée on Problems of the Environment (Scope), Montpellier (France) (1988), pp. 13–17

    Google Scholar 

  113. Zimmermann P, Tasser E, Leitinger G, Tappeiner U (2010) Effects of land-use and land-cover pattern on landscape-scale biodiversity in the European Alps. Agr Ecosyst Environ 139(1–2):13–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.06.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  114. Von Glasenapp M, Thornton TF (2011) Traditional ecological knowledge of Swiss Alpine farmers and their resilience to socioecological change. Hum Ecol 39:769–781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-011-9427-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  115. Muñoz A (2013) Las “Khettaras” del Tafilatet en Marruecos. Tierra y Tecnología 41

    Google Scholar 

  116. Andersson KP, Gibson CC, Lehoucq F (2006) Municipal politics and forest governance: comparative analysis of decentralization in Bolivia and Guatemala. World Dev 34:576–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.08.009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  117. Inbar M, Llerena CA (2000) Erosion processes in high mountain agricultural terraces in Peru. Mt Res Dev 20(1):72–79. https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2000)020[0072:EPIHMA]2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Cuni-Sanchez A, Twinomuhangi I, Aneyesee AB, Mwangi B, Olaka L, Bitariho R, Soromessa T, Castro B, Zafra-Calvo N (2022) Everyday adaptation practices by coffee farmers in three mountain regions in Africa. Ecol Soc 27(4):32. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-13622-270432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. MacDonald D, Crabtree JR, Wiesinger G, Dax T, Stamou N, Fleury P, Gutiérrez Lazpita J, Gibon A (2000) Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe: environmental consequences and policy response. J Environ Manage 59(1):47–69. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.1999.0335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Lasanta T, Nadal-Romero E, Arnáez J (2015) Managing abandoned farmland to control the impact of re-vegetation on the environment. The state of the art in Europe. Environ Sci Policy 52:99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.05.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  121. Tasser E, Walde J, Tappeiner U, Teutsch A, Noggler W (2007) Land-use changes and natural reforestation in the Eastern Central Alps. Agr Ecosyst Environ 118(1–4):115–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. Peña-Angulo D, Khorchani M, Errea P, Lasanta T, Martínez-Arnáiz M, Nadal-Romero E (2019) Factors explaining the diversity of land cover in abandoned fields in a Mediterranean mountain area. CATENA 181:104064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.05.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. Fedrigotti C, Aschonitis V, Fano EA (2016) Effects of forest expansion and land abandonment on ecosystem services of Alpine environments: case study in Ledro Valley (Italy) for the period 1859–2011. Glob Nest J 18(4):875–884. https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.001770

  124. Hohensinner S, Atzler U, Fisher A, Scwaizer G, Helfricht K (2021) Tracing the long-term evolution of land cover in an alpine valley 1820–2015 in the light of climate, glacier and land use changes. Front Environ Sci 9:683397. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.683397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Gellrich M, Baur P, Koch B, Zimmermann NE (2007) Agricultural land abandonment and natural forest re-growth in the Swiss mountains: a spatially explicit economic analysis. Agr Ecosyst Environ 118:93–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.05.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Vicente-Serrano SM, Lasanta T, Cuadrat JM (2000) Transformaciones en el paisaje del Pirineo como consecuencia del abandono de las actividades económicas tradicionales. Pirineos 155:111–133. https://doi.org/10.3989/pirineos.2000.v155.91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Errea MP, Cortijos-López M, Llena M, Nadal-Romero E, Zabalza-Martínez J, Lasanta T (2023) From the local landscape organization to land abandonment: an analysis of landscape changes (1956–2017) in the Aísa Valley (Spanish Pyrenees). Landscape Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-023-01675-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Arnáez J, Oserín M, Ortigosa L, Lasanta T (2008) Cambios en la cubierta vegetal y usos del suelo en el Sistema Ibérico noroccidental entre 1956 y 2001: Los cameros (La Rioja, España). Boletín de la A.G.E. 47:195–211

    Google Scholar 

  129. Ruiz-Flaño P, Lasanta T, Arnáez J, Ortigosa L, Oserín M (2009) El proceso de abandono del espacio agrícola en Cameros. In: Lasanta T, Arnáez J (eds) Gestión, usos del suelo y paisaje en Cameros, Sistema Ibérico, La Rioja. Instituto de Estudios Riojanos and University of La Rioja, Logroño, pp 109–126

    Google Scholar 

  130. Höllermann P (1985) The periglacial belt of mid-latitude mountains from a geoecological point of view. Erdkunde 39(4):259–270. https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.1985.04.02

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. García-Ruiz JM, Palacios D, Andrés N, López-Moreno JI (2020) Neoglaciation in the Spanish Pyrenees: a multiproxy challenge. Mediterr Geosci Rev 2:21–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42990-020-00022-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  132. Ameztegui A, Coll L, Brotons L, Ninot JM (2015) Land-use legacies rather than climate change are driving the recent upward shift of the mountain tree line in the Pyrenees. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 25(3):263–273. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  133. Sanjuán Y, Arnáez J, Beguería S, Lana-Renault N, Lasanta T, Gómez-Villar A, Álvarez-Martínez J, Coba-Pérez P, García-Ruiz JM (2018) Woody plant encroachment following grazing abandonment in the subalpine belt: a case study in northern Spain. Reg Environ Change 18:1103–1115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1245-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. Kessler CA, Stroosnijder L (2005) Land degradation assessment by farmers in Bolivian mountain valleys. Lan Degrad Dev 17(3):235–248. https://doi.org/10.1002.ldr.699

    Google Scholar 

  135. Martinoli A, Regato P, Samal FA, Kanso L, Eddine NS, Panichi M, Gagliardi A, Sarkis L, Hani N (2022) Stone-walled terraces restoration: conserving biodiversity and promoting economic functions of farmlands in Lebanon. J Agric Environ Int Dev 116(1):77–114. 1036253/jaeid-13012

    Google Scholar 

  136. Montserrat Martí G, Navarro del Águila T, Gómez García D, Maestro Jiménez M, Santamaría Pérez B, Jiménez Jaén JJ, Palacio Blasco S (2018) Estudio de la matorralización de pastos en el Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido (PNOMP). Proyectos de Investigación de Parques Nacionales 2012–2015. Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales, Madrid, pp 247–265

    Google Scholar 

  137. Montserrat-Martí G, Gómez-García D (2019) Variación de los dominios forestal y herbáceo en el paisaje vegetal de la península Ibérica en los últimos 20.000 años. Importancia del efecto de los grandes herbívoros sobre la vegetación. Cuad de Inv Geográfica 45(1):87–121. https://doi.org/10.18172.cig.3659

  138. Morellón M, Valero-Garcés B, Vegas-Vilarrúbia T, González-Sampériz P, Romero O, Delgado-Huertas A, Mata P, Moreno A, Rico M, Corella JP (2009) Lateglacial and Holocene palaeohydrology in the western Mediterranean region: the Lake Estanya record (NE Spain). Quat Sci Rev 28(25–26):2582–2599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.05.014

  139. García-Ruiz JM, Sanjuán Y, Gil-Romera G, González-Sampériz P, Beguería S, Arnáez J, Coba-Pérez P, Gómez-Villar A, Álvarez-Martínez J, Lana-Renault N, Pérez-Cardiel E, López de Calle C (2016) Mid and late holocene forest fires and deforestation in the subalpine belt of the Iberian Range, Northern Spain. J Mt Sci 13(19):1760–1772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-015-3763-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. González-Sampériz P, Aranbarri A, Pérez-Sanz A, Gil-Romera G, Moreno A, Leunda M, Sevilla-Callejo M, Corella JP, Morellón M, Oliva B, Valero-Garcés B (2017) Environmental and climate change since the last glacial maximum: a view from the lake records. CATENA 149(3):668–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.07.041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Orengo HA, Palet JM, Ejarque Y, Miras S, Riera S (2014) Shifting occupation dynamics in the Madriu-Perafita-Clarol valleys (Andorra) from the early Neolithic to the Chalcolithic: the onset of high mountain cultural landscapes. Quatern Int 353:140–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.01.035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Montes L, Domingo R, Sebastián M, Lanau P (2016) Construyendo un paisaje. Megalitos, arte esquemático y cabañeras en el Pirineo Central. ARPI 4:248–263

    Google Scholar 

  143. Montes L, Sebastián M, Domingo R, Beguería S, García-Ruiz JM (2020) Spatial distribution of megalithic monuments in the subalpine belt of the Pyrenees: Interpretation and implications for understanding early landscape transformation. J Archaeol Sci Rep 33:102489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. Nyssen J, Descheemaeker K, Zenebe A, Poesen J, Deckers J, Haile M (2009) Transhumance in the Tigray Highlands (Ethiopia). Mt Res Dev 29(3):255–264. https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd.00033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. Fernández-Giménez ME, El Aich A, El Aouni O, Adrane I, El Aayadi S (2021) Ilemchane transhumant pastoralists’ traditional ecological knowledge and adaptive strategies: continuity and change in Morocco’s High Atlas mountains. Mt Res Dev 41(4):R61–R73. https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd-journal-D-21-00028.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. Gómez-Pantoja JL (2001) Pastio agrestis. Pastoreo y trashumancia en Hispania romana. In: Gómez-Pantoja JL (ed) Los rebaños de Gerión. Pastores y trashumantes en Iberia antigua y medieval. Madrid, Casa de Velázquez, pp 177–213

    Google Scholar 

  147. Tomás-Faci G, Martín Iglesias JC (2017) Cuatro documentos inéditos del monasterio visigodo de San Martín de Asán (522–586). Mittellateinisches Jahrb Int Z für Mediavistik 52:261–286

    Google Scholar 

  148. Sesma JA, Laliena C (2004) Introducción. La población de Aragón en la Edad Media (siglos XIII-XV). Estudios de Demografía Histórica. Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, pp 9–19

    Google Scholar 

  149. Montserrat J (1992) Evolución glaciar y postglaciar del clima y la vegetación en la vertiente sur del Pirineo: Estudio Palinológico. Pyrenean Institute of Ecology, Zaragoza, p 147

    Google Scholar 

  150. Pèlachs A, Soriano López JM, Esteban i Amat A, Nadal Tersa J (2007) Holocene environmental history and human impact in the Pyrenees. Contrib Sci 3(3):421–429. https://doi.org/10.2436/20.7010.01.19

  151. Galop D (1998) La forêt, l’homme et le troupeau dans les Pyrénées. 6000 ans d’histoire de l’environnement entre Garonne et Méditérranée. Geode, Toulouse, p 285

    Google Scholar 

  152. Roepke A, Krause R (2013) High montane-subalpine soils in the Montafon Valley (Austria, Northern Alps) and their link to land-use, fire and settlement history. Quatern Int 308–309:178–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.01.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. Dietre B, Walser C, Lambers K, Reimaier T, Hajdas I, Haas JN (2014) Palaeoecological evidence for mesolithic to medieval climatic change and anthropogenic impact on the Alpine flora and vegetation of the Silvretta Massif (Switzerland/Austria). Quatern Int 353:3–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.05.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. García-Ruiz JM, Puigdefábregas J (1982) Formas de erosión en el flysch eoceno surpirenaico. Cuad Inv Geográfica 8:85–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  155. O’Flanagan P, Lasanta Martínez T, Errea Abad MP (2011) Restoration of sheep transhumance in the Ebro Valley, Aragon, Spain. Geogr Rev 101(4):556–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2011.00117.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. Sidiropoulou A, Chouvardas D, Mantzanas K, Stefanidis S, Karatassiou M (2022) Impact of transhumant livestock grazing abandonment on pseudo-alpine grasslands in Greeze in the context of climatic change. Land 11:2126. land11122126

    Google Scholar 

  157. Simmy (2019) Pastoralists of the Himalayas: Gaddis of Bharmaur tribal region in Himachal Pradesh. South Asian Anthropologist 19(2):99–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/09766901.2013.11884746

  158. Khangari M, Robinson S, Milner Gulland EJ, Morgan ER, Rana RS, Suryawanshi KR (2022) Pastoralism in the high Himalayas: Understanding changing practices and their implications for parasite transmission between livestock and wildlife. Pastoralism 12:44. s13570-022-00257-1

    Google Scholar 

  159. Brandt JS, Haynes MA, Kuemmerle T, Waller DM, Raddoff VC (2013) Regime shift on the roof of the world: Alpine meadows converting to shrublands in the southern Himalayas. Biol Cons 158:116–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.07.026

  160. Chakraborty M (2017) Transhumance of Indian Himalayas in transition: a prospect for social research. J Anthropol Surv India 66(1–2):117–123. ttps://doi.org/10.1177/2277436X20170108

    Google Scholar 

  161. Kerven C, Steiman B, Dear C, Ashley L (2012) Researching the future of pastoralism in Central Asia’s mountains: examining development orthodoxies. Mt Res Dev 32(3):368–377. https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-12-00035.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. Baied C (1989) Transhumance and land use in the northern Patagonian Andes. Mt Res Dev 9(4):365–380. https://doi.org/10.2307/3673585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. Padín N (2019) “El hombre es tierra que anda”. Los crianceros trashumantes del Alto Neuquén en perspectiva histórica, siglos XIX-XX. Estudios 41:129–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  164. Arrondo E, Guido J, Oliva-Vidal P, Margalida A, Lambertucci SA, Donázar JA, Cortés-Avizanda A, Anadón JD, Sánchez-Zapata JA (2023) From pyrenees to andes: The relationship between transhumant livestock and vultures. Biol Cons 283:110081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110081

    Article  Google Scholar 

  165. Steward NR, Belote J, Belote L (1976) Transhumance in the Central Andes. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 66(3):377–397

    Google Scholar 

  166. Brunswig RH (2015) Modelling eleven millennia of seasonal transhumance and subsistence in Colorado’s prehistoric Rockies, USA. Contrib New World Archaeol 8:45–104

    Google Scholar 

  167. Huntsinger L, Forero LC, Sulak A (2010) Transhumance and pastoralist resilience in the Western United States. Pastoralism 1(1):9–36. https://doi.org/10.3362/2041-7136.2010.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  168. Vidal-González P, Mahdi M (2019) Transformations of transhumance in the Aït Arfa Guigou tribe (Morocco’s Middle Atlas): from French colonization to present times. Ager. J Stud Depopulation Rural Dev 26:129–150. https://doi.org/10.4422/ager.2018.07

    Article  Google Scholar 

  169. García-Ruiz JM, Lasanta-Martínez T (1993) Land-use conflicts as a result of land-use change in the Central Spanish Pyrenees: a review. Mt Res Dev 10(3):295–304

    Google Scholar 

  170. Lasanta T, Laguna M, Vicente-Serrano SM (2007) Do tourism-based ski resorts contribute to the homogeneous development of the Mediterranean mountains? A case study in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Tour Manage 28:1326–1339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.01.003

  171. Muñoz-Ulecia E, Bernués A, Casasús I, Olaizola AM, Lobón S, Martín-Collado D (2021) Drivers of change in mountain agriculture: A thirty-year analysis of trajectories of evolution of cattle farming systems in the Spanish Pyrenees. Agric Syst 186:102983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102983

    Article  Google Scholar 

  172. Fox DJ (1997) Mining in mountains. In: Messerli B, Ives JD (eds) Mountains of the world, A global priority. The Parthenon Publishing Group, London, pp 171–198

    Google Scholar 

  173. Thorsell J (1997) Protection of nature in mountain regions. In: Messerli B, Ives JD (eds) Mountains of the world, A global priority. The Parthenon Publishing Group, London, pp 237–248

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to José M. García-Ruiz .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

García-Ruiz, J.M., Arnáez, J., Lasanta, T., Nadal-Romero, E., López-Moreno, J.I. (2024). Living in the Mountains: The Wide Variety of Land Uses and Their Geo-ecological Consequences. In: Mountain Environments: Changes and Impacts. Earth and Environmental Sciences Library. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51955-0_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics